Public Addressing System

T qualified of Contents Acknowledgment Abstract knowledgeability * Background of the Study * narrative of the Problem * Objective of the Study * scene and Limitations. * Signifi send packingce of the Study * Conceptual Framework. Discussion * schematic Diagrams * part List trustworthyty gloss References Appendices Recommendations AcknowledgmentThe prop unrivallednts would like to express their sincerest and deepest gratitude to the following for their contribution and shamment in the fox to God Almighty, for His unfathomable grace and kindle bless(prenominal)ings, to their p arnts, for providing the place to stay th boulderedout the project. If it werent for their financial, emotional, mental, and spiritual support, the proponents wouldnt have a bun in the oven effectd the project, to the librarians of the Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University for their emboldenance, to their supportive Electronics Engineering incision Instructor, Engr.May Layson for givi ng them the opportunity to fulfill this project and lastly, to their friends, classmates, colleagues and everyone who were not mentioned who excessively, even in their small ways, helped in the improvement and fulfillment of the project, and supported the proponents until the end. They atomic number 18 unceasingly in debt to everyone for their undying support, for without them, this project wouldnt be completed. Abstract there had been a number of projects that foc utilizations on the important aspects of a humankind Addressing transcription.This orbit was then conducted in order to understand and appreciate the working principles of PA goernances from their construction, functions and daily applications. Specifically, this research aimed to identify the division and reliability of PA outlines as a tool for communications. The design of the subterfuge was based on the perspectives of the instructors on how the carcass give satisfy the deprivations of the institution. T he advantages and disadvantages of using the tool were also discussed. Weighted means were computed to analyze the signifi netce of the project.The results showed that the project is capable of world an optional hard keep organization since it pot do alloy and amplifying luffs of different excitants. This in turn benefits the students society as it enables them to have means of addressing with one an otherwise with a endure amplification system. This also helps in reducing the constraints of having a poor esthesis of communication in a limited range. Nonetheless, the students involved also find out that the accuracy of the data obtained from the test results argon quite difficult to take cargon considering that the knowledge near the device is limited.Future researchers could easily take enhancements recommended for the bettorment of the project. More everywhere, healthy consultation had been correlated to this tool. As stated from literatures, these finding clearly e mphasizes the need for some additional resources from the forward studies and advices from instructors to ensure the reliability and validity of the results obtained. Items that institutionalise out to lack of available components must be taken out. Further to a greater extent(prenominal), outcomes of project enhancement and appraisal faecal matter be more successful by combining the concepts and ideas do based from the prototype versions.Introduction Communication plays an important role in the adoptment of a nation. It is an integral part of development. Societies disregardnot change and develop without communication, as it is a treat of social interaction through which multitude are influenced by ideas, attitudes, knowledge and demeanour of each other. Nowadays, communication has come through a great importance in the developmental programs. It is through the process of communication that stack are made aware of the nature and objectives of the programs.The utile dev elopmental messages are conveyed to the target groups through various communication approaches. This helps people in acquiring new knowledge required for coping with speedy changing society and in adoption of innovations for the improvement of their practices, methods and quality of life. through with(predicate) the advancement of technology, electronics paved way for the development of communication systems. One of the innovations brought rough these technologies is the Public Addressing outline.A Public Addressing System or simply PA System is an electronic salutary amplification and distribution system. It is anything that amplifies profound so more people tin hear it. Most basic systems these days entangle several different parts such as one or more microphones, one or more speakers, a mixer that allows the user to control the gaudiness, tone and balance of different voices or instruments, an amplifier (built into the mixer, built into the speakers, or purchased separa tely) and stands to hold the speakers and microphones at appropriate height and angles.From this documentation, the researchers were able to explore and grok deeper about the concepts on how a PA System work and how does it post to development in the field of communication systems. Background of the Study A Public Address (PA) system is a collection of speech voice equipment that allows broadcasts over a designated area. Often found in schools and office buildings, PA systems can be employ for general declarations or emergency information, providing a uncomplicated way to get information out quickly. PA systems can be basic or advanced, and people can customize them to fit a variety of needfully. there are even personal models that can be less expensive, but allow for a much shorter range. The term is also use for systems which may additionally have a potpourri console, amplifiers, and loudspeakers suitable for practice of medicine as rise as speech, use to reinforce a snuff it source, e. g. , recorded practice of medicine or a person giving a speech, and distributing the vigorous throughout a venue or building. Sound reinforcement systems and PA systems may use some similar components, but with differing application, although the peculiarity between the two is not clear-cut.Sound reinforcement systems are for live music or performance, whereas PA systems are primarily for reproduction of speech. The presence of the uncontaminating weight components included in the roach makes it easier to carry, and therefore, fashioning it handy. Recently from the previous projects, we have used several components to amplify signals. round of which are the bipolar junction transistor, field-effect transistor and metal-oxide semiconducting material unit transistor, now we will use one of the best amplifying device, the IC OP-AMP. 41 OP-AMP is a versatile IC that can be used as a differential amplifier. From this, the researchers must be able to conceptual ize and build effective Portable Public Addressing System using operational amplifiers and other electronic components as the center of the study. Statement of the Problem What is the purpose of a Public Addressing System? The purpose of a takeout PA system is to provide an accessible way of addressing in a crowd. This is very useful when communications are to be made in a limited broadcasting range. Objective of the StudyTo be able to conceptualize and build an effective public addressing system using IC-Operational Amplifiers and other electronic components and understand and appreciate its principles of operation as well as its primary function and applications. Scope and Limitations While a simple and man-portable PA system is often fairly expensive, it can provide a speaker with some options for addressing a crowd of people. This type of public announcement ironware provides someone with extremely limited broadcasting range, often including notwithstanding a single speaker, but still serves to amplify the users voice.All PA systems are also delimited since they have a potential for sound recording feed choke, which occurs when sound from the speakers returns to the microphone and is then re-amplified and sent through the speakers again. Another thing is, more advanced versions increase in price considerably, especially with numerous cords, radio set hubs, and adaptors that may be required. This all depends, however, on what a person or business needs in terms of PA system hardware and installation. Significance of the StudyThe project is intended to enrich and upgrade the knowledge of the proponents about the different uses of IC Operational Amplifiers by constructing a simple portable Public Addressing System. This study will be a significant strive in promoting the construction of useful devices with the advancements of electronics. It will also be ripe to the students and instructors in some applications employing conduction of gatherings, meet ings, seminars and workshops for effective learning in their classroom setting particularly in different concepts related to electronics.By understanding the needs of the students and benefits of quality education, these instructors and students are assured of a competitive advantage. Moreover, this project will provide recommendations on how to evaluate the performance of the researchers involved in accord to the outcome of the study. Conceptual Framework A Public Address System is an electronic sound amplification and distribution system with an sound enter, amplifier and an audio output. The Portable Public-Addressing System (PA systems) is capable of amplifying different input signals like microphone, audio, and guitar signals simultaneously.microphones The transmittal can begin with a microphone, which is a device that can assist in magnifying an audio sources volume. A microphone is classified as a device that transforms sound into an galvanizing signal. Microphones used i n PA systems are usually dynamic or condensers. Dynamic microphones are more impoverished than condensers and are able to withstand the elements a little better. Condenser microphones employ their own power source and capture better-quality audio signals, but can sometimes be so sensitive that they also receive priming coat noises.Mixers If a microphone or another audio source is used in a PA system, it is plugged into a mixer. The mixer allows for ninefold arguments of sound to be broadcast at different levels. This can help prevent feedback if a PA system will involve three-fold microphones, instruments, or other audio sources. For example, someone may use a PA system to sing along with a pre-recorded CD. The CD track could be plugged into one transpose, while the singers voice would be broadcast through another. Amplifier The amplifier is usually side by side or incorporated with the mixer.The amplifiers job is to magnify the audio signal by manipulating its change frequ ency qualities. Gain in an amplifier refers to the decibel level of the sound climax out of the speakers. Another quality, Output Dynamic Range, refers to the loud and soft levels of a specific channels sound. Too low of an output could result in good broadcasting noise too high of an output can survive to distortion. Loudspeakers The loudspeaker is the output end of the PA system, transforming the electric auto spry signal back into sound that a group can hear.A good loudspeaker system will separate the differing sound frequencies and broadcast them through different sound channels for better quality output. split of a loudspeaker system include a woofer, which broadcasts low frequency sounds and tweeters, the drivers of high frequency output. Some speakers also contain crossover systems that are responsible for separating these frequencies, reducing the electrical noise that can sometimes accompany a PA system broadcast. Discussions The design of the system internally contains three major arranges. These stages are connected to each other to attain the circuit of a Portable Public Address System.The first stage is the power supply of the circuit has a center-tapped transformer with the primary set to 220Vac and secondary of 12-0-12Vac. This transformer is connected to diodes and capacitor which is responsible for filtering and to upgrade a full-wave output. This output will become a DC potential drop which will serve as +VCC for the next stage. The second stage is for the Pre-amplifiers. There are three Pre-amplifiers which contain two inputs for the microphone and one for the guitar. The Pre-amplifiers in the project use an IC which is generally considered as one the roughly versatile component there is.The purpose of the IC is to amplify the input sound signals to produce a sound suitable for speakers. Normally in the pre-amp, the output of the sound is not quite satisfying. An increase in the volume of the sound will be attained when it is connec ted into another stage which is the Power-Amplifier stage. This is the last stage of the circuit. The Power-Amplifier is one that drives the input sound coming from the pre-amplifier to produce an output through speakers. The Power-Amplifier uses an IC also. The loudness of the sound is produced by the Power-Amplifier. Schematic Diagrams * Audio * Guitar Microphone * Microphone Power Amplifier * Power Supply Parts list Label Quantity Description R1, R2, R3 3 1K 1/4W resistor R4, R5, R6 3 10K Logarithmic Pot R7 1 1Meg 1/4W Resistor R8, R10 2 10K 1/4W Resistor R9, R11 2 100K Linear Pot C1, C2, C5, C6 1 0. 1uF ceramic Disc Capacitor C3, C4 2 22nF Ceramic Disc Capacitor U1, U2 2 741 Op Amp J1, J2, J3 3 Input jackfruit trees MISC 1 Board, Wire, Knobs, IC Sockets Conclusion A Portable Public Address System is an electronic sound amplification and distribution system with a microphone, amplifier and loudspeakers used to allow a person to address a large public for example for announcemen ts of ovements at large and noisy air and terminals. The PA system contains a mixing console where the amplifiers and loudspeakers are suitable for music and as well as speech used to reinforce a sound source and distributing the sound throughout a venue or building. It is often used in small areas such as school auditoriums, churches, small bars or other places. The significance of being portable is by means of you can carry it anywhere because it is lighter and useful for emergency or spry announcements.It also contains two systems combine in one module. The two systems may use some similar components but with different application. It has a sound reinforcement system which is the guitar input use for music performance and a PA system which is the microphone input use for speech purposes. Glossary A Amplify tomakelarger,greater,orstrongerenlargeextend. Audio pertains to utiliseinthetransmission,reception,reproductionofsound. B Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) has three termi nals connected to three doped semiconductor regions.Board pieceofwoodsawedthin,andof commodiouslengthandbreadthcomparedwiththethickness. C Condenser- lensorcombinationoflensesthatgathersandconcentrateslightinaspecifieddirection,oftenusedto directlightontotheprojectionlensinaprojectionsystem. Constraints limitationorrestriction. roundabout thecompletepathofanelectriccurrent,includingthegeneratingapparatus, interveningresistors,orcapacitors. Capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field.Console a physical device to operate a computer. D differential amplifier a type of electronic amplifier that amplifies the difference between two voltages but does not amplify the particular voltages. F field-effect transistor(field-effect transistor) is atransistorthat uses anelectric fieldto control the shape and hence theconductivityof achannelof one type ofcharge carrierin asemiconductormaterial feedback occurs when a sound loop exists be tween an audio input (for example, amicrophoneorguitar pickup) and an audio output (for example, aloudspeaker).H hub makes the networking of multiple computers in the home or office easier. I Integrated circuit (IC) the patterned diffusion of traceelementsinto the surface of a thinsubstratumofsemiconductormaterial. Input termdenotingeither an entrance or changes which are inserted into asystemand which activate/modify aprocess. J Jack is a small, round electrical connector found on audio and video products that is used to interconnect components. Junction point where at least(prenominal) three circuit paths meet. KKnob a small rounded ornament or handle. M MOSFET (metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor special type of field-effect transistor (FET) that works by electronically varying the width of a channel along which charge carriers (electrons orholes) flow. Microphone an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into an electrical signal. N No ise unwelcome sound. O Operational-Amplifiers widely used electronic devices today, being used in a vast array of consumer, industrial, and scientific devices.Output term denoting either an survive or changes which exit a system and which activate/modify a process. P Portable denotes something that is handy. Plug a male fitting for making an electrical connection to a live circuit by first appearance in a receptacle (as an outlet). Pre-amplifier (pre-amp) an electronic amplifier that prepares a small electrical signal for further amplification or processing Potentiometer commonly used to control electrical devices such as volume controls on audio equipment. RResistor is part of an electrical circuit that resists the flow of current. Reinforcement is when a behavior is increased or maintained by its consequences. Rugged having a rough uneven surface. S Signal a detectable physical quantity or impulse (as a voltage, current, or magnetic field strength) by which messages or information can be transmitted. Speaker an output device used specially for audio signals. T Transistor a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power.Terminal a position in acircuitor device at which a connection can be made or broken. References Articles * canonic P. A. Systems A Primer For Using P. A. Systems by Yorkville Sound Books * Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory by Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky * Electronic Principles by Albert Paul Malvino * Teach Yourself electrical energy and Electronics 5th Edition by Stan Gibilisco Websites * www. yorkville. com * www. wikipedia. com * www. circuitstoday. com * www. ehow. com * www. howstuffworks. com Appendices LM741 Operational Amplifier General DescriptionThe LM741 series are general purpose operational amplifiers which feature improved performance over industry standards like the LM709. They are direct, plug-in replacements for the 709C, LM201, MC1439 and 748 in most applications. The amplifiers offer galore(postnominal) features which make their application nearly foolproof overload protection on the input and output, no latch-up when the common mode range is exceeded, as well as freedom from oscillations. The LM741C is identical to the LM741/LM741A except that the LM741C has their performance guaranteed over a 0C to +70C temperature range, instead of ? 5C to +125C. Connection Diagram Recommendations All PA systems have a potential for audio feedback, which occurs when sound from the speakers returns to the microphone and is then re-amplified and sent through the speakers again. Sound engineers take several steps to maximize gain onward feedback. If you are setting up a sound system and lack to avoid feedback, there are a few general measures that can help avoid such problem * Keep a certain distance between the position of the microphone and the speakers. * Use a unidirectional microphone. If you have access to an equalizer, dampen the freq uencies where feedback is occurring. * Ensure that both microphone and speakers are in good performance state. * Never place a mobile phone near the speakers or even at the microphone. Since the Power-Amplifier is responsible for the impulsive of the input sound (coming from the pre-amplifier), it is necessary to have an efficient circuit of a power amplifier with a sufficient wattage needed to obtain a desired output. The greater the wattage value of a power amplifier circuit, the better the output sound.