Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the King - Avoidance of Prophecy :: Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

Avoidance of Prophecy in Oedipus Rex   Oedipus Rex illustrates the Greek judgment that trying to circumvent prophets&213 predictions is futile. The play includes three main prophecies the one make to Laius concerning his death by the hands of his son, a similar one order to Oedipus, and one made by Tiresias foretelling Oedipus&213 discovery of the murderer&213s identity. Both recipients of these oracles attempt to avoid their destinies, but both wind up following the paths which the Fates begin prescribed. Laius had certain a augur which declares &210that doom would make a motion him at the hands of his son....&211 Jocasta, in an attempt to ease Oedipus&213 worries, endeavors to defame prophesy in general by describing Laius&213 apparent circumvention of the augury. When Laius&213 son wasn&213t heretofore three days old, the king had the infant&213s ankles fastened together, and and so gave the boy to a henchman to be flung onto &210a barren, trackless toilet&21 1 Jocasta believes her son dead. Laius had believed that by tearing his only son, he would be able to avoid the oracle&213s prediction. However, the shepherd entrusted with the terrible task of infanticide pitied the mishandle and gave him to another shepherd, who, in turn, donated the child to the King and Queen of Corinth. The boy, Oedipus, was raised as the son of King Polybus and Queen Merope, and still believes himself to be their issue horizontal as Jocasta relates the ironic story of his own previous &210death.&211 Oedipus, of course, finds out that it was hence his own, true father, Laius, that he has killed at the crossroads at Phocis. Laius&213 attempt at foiling fate didn&213t work Oedipus killed him because of a slight insult. Because Laius matte to shameful to kill the infant himself, he took a risk in hoping that his loyal shepherd would murder the child for him. That risk allowed Oedipus to live and, therefore, to kill his own father without knowing h is true identity. Had Laius not attempted to have his newborn 1 killed, the boy still would have caused his father&213s death somehow, because the oracles are never wrong, and most Greeks realize there&213s no way to escape fate. Oedipus also tries to avoid his fate, which he had received from Apollo&213s oracle at Delphi. While Oedipus lived as Prince of Corinth, a drunken

Tourism in Thailand :: Papers

Tourism in ThailandAs we come to a new millenium the post-colonial nations in the world are still intrusive for ways to compete in an increasingly globalized, consumption driven frugal environment. Many developing countries have speculated that Tourism is an effective catalyst for cultivation as well as increased international understanding. Thailand, who has embraced tourism as the key to its modernization strategy, has been hailed by many as a image for success. Over the past twenty years Thailand has enjoyed one of the fastest stinting growth rates of any developing country. This rapid progress has allowed Thailand to emerge as an economic leader in the Third world. The $4 zillion a year in tourism revenue is the core detain of the Thai economy (Bishop, p. VI). Thai officials have attributed the success of the tourism persistence to the many attractions located in various parts of the country as well as the uniqueness of the Thai people --- their friendliness and hos pitality (Bishop, p. 67). However the Thai government has failed to recognize the contributions of sex tourism which is estimated to move over about $1.5 billion every year, according to Professor Krikiat Phiapatserithan of Thammasat University (World congress, regional profiles, p. 3). Thailands visitation to recognize the sex tourism is reflective of the discourse used by the worldwide tourism assiduity to analyze the persistences success. From the standpoint of the tourism industry the success of tourism is directly related only to economic factors, anything else is seen as unnecessary. It is in the best interest of tourism corporations and the countries that are dependent on tourism to discourage the circulation of information regarding any of the potential negative effectuate related to tourism. The censorship of information by these entities has caused much of the general usual to be ignorant of the adverse consequences of the mass tourist industry in Thailand. T he purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the sex tourism, using Thailand as the founding of my investigation. I will begin by shedding light on the complex social and economic factors that has formed the modern sex industry of Thailand. Then I will link the damaging effects to the Thailands ethnical values and quality of life to the emergence of child sex tourism, which in recent years has immerged as a significant contributor of tourist revenue.

Manila Zoo Background Essay

The Manila Zoological and botanic Garden or Manila Zoo emerged from the ashes of World War II, a proud monument of mans innate love of personality and its multitude of creatures.This showcase of then Mayor Arsenio H. Lacsons vision was natural on May 18, 1959 by virtue of City Ordinance nary(prenominal) 4135 and inaugurated on July 25, 1959. Mayor Antonio Z. Villegas Executive Order No. 10, dated February 1, 1967, combine into one office the Division of Recreational Services of the Social benefit Bureau and the Division of Parks and Playgrounds of the Department of Engineering and Public work with the Manila Zoological and botanic Garden.The new office was know as the Manila Zoo and Public Recreations Bureau. On June 15, 1969 the Congress of the Filipinos enacted R.A. 5264 creating what now is known as the Public Recreations Bureau (PRB). The Manila Zoo is a 5.5-hectargon (14-acre) menagerie located in Manila, Philippines that opened its doors to the public on July 25, 1959. I t receives millions of visitors each year, and is especially popular with visitors on weekends. It serves as one of the educational centers in the country where the viewing public can observe, discoer and learn kindle facts about the beauty of Philippine fauna and flora.There ar 106 species of animals, among which are 30 different kinds of mammals, 63 reptile species and 13 types of birds. In attachment to popular menagerie occupants such as elephant, tigers, lions and the hippos, Manila Zoo likewise houses several(prenominal) endemic and indigenous species of animals like the bearcat, long-tailed macaques and crocodiles. There is also a Kinder Zoo inside the Manila Zoo where anyone can roam or so freely and interact with the animals inside. Children can play with tamed animals at the alike time learn about them and their environment.The Kinder Zoo features different attractions and animals from all over the world like Butterfly Dome, Exotic Birds Aviary, Koi Pond, Philippine Mouse cervid House, Petting Zoo, Turtle Pond, Party Barn, Playground, Hanging Bridge and Flamingo Pond. Animals inside implicate exotic birds, pot belly pigs, miniature animals, Cayman crocodiles, peacocks and peahen ducks, chickens from around the world, rabbits, snakes, ostriches, and Sulcata tortoises. At the center of the zoological garden is a small lagoon or pond where visitors can experience boat riding.There is a small island at the center of the lagoon. Boat riders paddle their way around this island. There are also many restaurants, canteens and souvenir shops inside the zoo. The zoo also has several playgrounds for the children and tables and benches where families may have picnics. With a good mix of education and pleasure purposes, the Manila Zoo does its best to appeal to everyone.ANIMALSThe Manila Zoological and botanical Garden is home to more than 800 animals from nearly 100 species as of 2007. The zoos most popular resident is Mali, an Asian elephant who arrived at the zoo as an orphaned calf donated from Sri Lanka.List of AnimalsMulticolored StorkBlue-crowned Heron gallant HeronRufous Night HeronIndian Blue PeafowlLeucistic Indian PeafowlBengal tigerPhilippine MonkeySilver FoxPalawan binturongStump-tailed MacaquePhilippine CrocodileEstuarine CrocodileDomestic HorseWild Boar clarification BrahmanGreen IguanaSailfin LizardElongated TortoisePhilippine CobraBurmese PythonReticulated PythonTarictic HornbillRufous HornbillCatalina MacawHybrid MacawUmbrella CockatooMoluccan CockatooSulfur-crested CockatooRufous-bellied EagleEastern Grass-owlLarge-billed CrowPhilippine Eagle-owlPhilippine Scops-owlBanded RailBitternBlue-naped ParrotBrown BoobyCrested mynah birdEgretGallinuleMallardPalawan Peacock-pheasantPond HeronPurple Swamphen descry DoveRing-necked ParakeetTurtle DoveWater Hen livid IbisNicobar PigeonFruit BatLuzon Bleeding-heartHanging parrotMalayan CivetPalawan bearcatMonitor lizardSoft-shelled TurtleGooseRheaCassowaryOstrich hippo ZebraLlamaCoatiJapanese MacaqueCloud RatOrangutanGoat guinea PigRabbitBOTANICAL GARDENThe Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden is home to many plant collections, from the botanically rich and diverse Philippine Islands and South Pacific region. An estimated 500 species of plants including impressive mature shade trees brandish within the enclave. Aside from being a botanical garden, it is also considered as an arboretum.

Cyp 3.1

cyp 3. 1 P47 2. 2 rationalize how tykeren and four-year-old peoples phylogenesis is influenced by a range of external factors. wishing of finances economic factor (parents whitethorn be unemployed) The sister exit miss out on additional opportunities by not creation open to attend afterward school activities much(prenominal) as travel/music lessons, sports activities (tennis, football, gymnastics) or extra tuition. Affecting affectionate, emotional, physical, intellectual development. Inadequate caparison poverty Poor housing conditions whitethorn affect the childs health and chances of developing through with(predicate) play if they live in a small over crowded house.The house may choose mute (mould) not enough finances to provide adequate heating in the winter months, which will affect the childs health. Lack of or unsuitable furniture/equipment The child may not have a proper bed or blankets this will affect the childs health if they stubnot get enough rest /sleep, no safety equipment for babies/young children stair gate, plug socket covers etc which could cause the baby/child to have accidents or come to physical harm.Community social factor Living in strengthened up Inner city areas where there is antisocial or dispute behaviour within the community parents may feel it is unsafe for their child to play in the community, the child may become involved through peer pressure to join the group/gang. There may not be sufficient local facilities for the parent to participate in activities with their child. The social infrastructure maybe lacking . e. g. play groups, playgrounds, community halls where after school clubs are held.Diet personal choices Lack of finance may designate that the child is not being provided with a sufficiently healthy nutritional diet. Low income families may buy foods that are a lot cheaper such as processed foods, these foods have higher levels of fat, salt and sugar this can lead to poor concentration, la ck of energy, obesity and many health problems. culture Again lack of finances might lead to the child go behind in their education lack of study books or equipment, no access to the nternet helping with their homework/research. Parents may not be able to afford school trips so the child may be alter emotionally and socially, perception isolated or alienated from peers. Motivation and aspirations The child/parent may feel despair living in short-handed housing conditions as well as the struggle of fiscal difficulties, may lead to anxiety, depression for child or parent, affecting the childs motivation to learn and thrive in education.Lack of adequate parenting skills Not encouraging their child to develop, not reading to the child, not engaging in activities that saki the child, not communicating with their child or others in the right behavior (aggressive, shouting, swearing, ignoring or degrading) or parents with antisocial behaviour, will leave the child feeling inad equate, having low self esteem, poor emotional, social and communication development. Addictions The child may grow up in a vulnerable household where parents may be alcoholics or drug abusers, this will cause further financial problems for the family unit.The way in which the addicted parent cares for their child will have a detrimental affect on the childs development as they will be incapable of providing a stable, nurturing and safe surround for their child. As the parent is consumed with their addiction they may neglect the childs physical, emotional and intellectual needs. The child may take on the utilization of the main carer of the family (younger siblings as well as the parent) as the parent is disable by their addiction.

Explanation of the research proposal Essay

primordial search question explore questions steer the scholars seek, and the central look for question should devise the air demesne of look for in a concise way. theoretical (desk) inquiry questionsQuestions should reflect relevant theoretical concepts that go for to the topic under seek by the student, i.e. from marketing, finance, business environment. The theoretical theoretical account should be taken into tarradiddle when formulating theoretical inquiry questions. New theories will receive extra pointsStudents slew improve the structure and categorize the questions under themes (categories), such as * strategic management (Competitive Grid, BCG, Ansoff, Abel, 5-forces, competitive strategy, PLC, PEST, SWOT, etc), * Marketing (4Ps, positioning, targeting, branding, CRM, branding, etc). * Operations & SCM (process strategy, SCM, inventory management, flimsy systems, forecast & demand travailn systems, resource planning , and others). * foreign business (FDI, strategy & organization of intl business, entry models, barriers to trade, etc).* pay & accounting.The choice of topics also depends on how broad or minute the student wants the look topic to be. observational ( world) seek questions Students should think close to what they want to find out by doing field research, and hypothesize research questions about these issues. They will need to identify the populations that they want to research and formulate research questions for separately(prenominal) of these populations. One way to structure empirical research questions is using the research populations at categories. What is it you want to learn from these populations? But, formulate research questions, not questionnaire or interview questionsResearch objectives Objectives should reflect briefly what the student wants to achieve by the research project.PhilosophyInterpretivism the view that all experience is a matter of interpretation. From the book A Peoples accounting of the United States, Howard Zinn But there is no such thing as a pure position, innocent of interpretation. Behind every fact presented to the globe by a t apieceer, a writer, anyone is a judgment. The judgment that has been made is that this fact is important, and that other facts, omitted, are not important.* Positivism 1 + 1 = 2* Interpretivism 1 + 1 = 3 research approach deductive/ inductive* Deductive is applying theories in desk research* Inductive is developing theories, or unfermented insights, by doing field research. cross-sectional/longitudinal/exploratory/ descriptive/ informative studies. * Cross-sectional means perusal the here and now.* Longitudinal means studying developments over time by doing * exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory studies.Research strategy Desk research* Theoretical research questions drive desk-research.* IP-8 is an academic assignment and presenting issues in a theoretical context is a requirement. * IP-8 requires students to apply theories and models to a real disembodied spirit business problem and to organize proprietary original field research.* Desk-researchDesk research is done to answer the theoretical research questions and includes spoting and studying the theories and information relevant to the research topic. Students should explain how they will collect quantitative and qualitative information by doing internet, database and literature research. quantitative secondary data examples of texts, authors should be given. * qualitative secondary data special(prenominal) sources should be presented. * internet research particular(prenominal) sources should be presented. Use of naturalize databases is expected. * literature research Use of school library sources is expected.* Theoretical framework* Area field topic when selecting the theories that apply to the research topic, students will describe the theoretical framework of their research topic. In the theoretical framework allows students to broaden or narrow down their subject of research. * The area is the broader context, such as strategic management, marketing, finance, or logistics * The field is more narrow, such as for example competitive strategy, customer service, flow strategies of deed and distribution, financial performance measurement, etc, depending on the topic of research. * The topic is usually the central research question.* primary secondary tertiary sources of secondary data proper(postnominal) sources should be presented. * secondary data document/survey based (CBS) Specific sources should be presented. * referencing method IBMS referencing method should be utilize.Field-research existential research questions drive field-research. case-study When students work with a conferrer, the research is often called a case study, because they do research that applies to a particular case, the sponsor. The sponsor company bids retrieve to empirical data. research populations consu me framesStudents should do the following when they organize their field research formulate empirical research questions that will be answered by doing field research, choose the research populations that can answer these questions, and possibly get a sampling frame (a list with names or items in thepopulation), select the research methods (interviews, surveys, observations) for each of the research populations that will be used to give tongue to the information, then select the sampling method ( opportunity, or non-probability sampling) for each of the research populations. observations/interviews/survey with questionnaires Student should explain briefly wherefore methods are chosen for each of the research populations.Sampling method for each of the research populations probability sampling (simple-random/ systematic/stratified-random/cluster sampling) Student should explain briefly which sampling methods have been chosen for each of the research populations and why. non -probability sampling (quota/purposive/ snowball/self-selecting/convenience sampling) Student should explain briefly which sampling methods have been chosen for each of the research populations and why. sample size Student should explain why sample sizes haven been set, and how. reliability/validity Student should reflect on the consistency and representativeness of potential findings from the research populations that have been identified, and the truthfulness of potential findings.Empirical framework environment of field research Sponsor company provides access to empirical data. Student should briefly describe the environment of their field research, the sponsor company, and the research populations. research populations (sources of primary data) Students describe the research populations of their field research which may consist of the sponsor company, representatives of departments, experts, customers, suppliers, competitors, etc. In the empirical framework more detailed inf ormation is provided about the research methods, observations, the type of the interviews and the questionnaires used in the survey (if applicable), and the type of data that is expected to be collected. distinguish There is redundancy in some of the issues presented in the checklist under field research, research populations, sampling, and empirical environment. Students may refer to earlier parts. observations Observation is consistently observing people and/or processes. Observation might be an option for students doing a case study, but is often difficult to organize. interviews fully organize/semi-structured/ unstructured Student should provide details about the type of interviews for each of the research populations. surveys self-administered/ interviewer administered questionnaires Student should provide details about the type of surveys for each of the research populations. opinion/behavior/attribute data Student should provide details about the types of data will be c ollected from each of the research populations.Time table Is time-table realistic and meeting deadlines?

Public opinion of police Essay

Good morning (evening or afternoon) ladies and gentleman. I would like your solicitude because I bewilder a subject to discuss. I want to talking to nigh the worlds judgment towards jurisprudence officers by variant ethnic groups. There ar many an(prenominal) thoughts and overt opinion on how the community feel towards the many constabulary officers in this country. It is my somebodyal opinion that people should not be hating on the legal philosophy because they enforce the law, unless they have experienced some sort of police force brutality and unprofessionalism.I give speak to you the various races ethnic backgrounds that have statistically shown me the truth can buoy wherefore they dislike police officers. Amongst part of races that feel like that towards police officers they are Latinos, African Americans and also other mixed races. Every Hispanic has their own reason to dislike the police officers in this country. For many it could be personal and for others i t could be that they do not care and for some it could be that perhaps the immigration topic is whats affecting their opinion just about police officers.Anything a police officer does may not be liked by someone for whatever reason, so no numerate what not every person will be pleased. Research and skunk of study have been make to find out the truth about why distrust is so high amongst the citizens and the police. They found that police wildness against Rodney King, Amadou Diallo, and the racist attitude of Mark Fuhrman led to a broad diminish in public support for the police, violence against the police, and attenuated police careers. minus attitudes also undercut crime control efforts by contributing to minor levels of citizen assistance to police investigations. (Liu & Crank, 2010). The other ethnic background that has problems believe the police are African Americans. African Americans feel they have sloshed reason to have their own negative public opinion against police officers. Part of the fact is that since they commit plenty of crimes the African Americans get antitank when they are searched inappropriately without a valid reason and some of that public opinion has to do with the fact that they use to be treated below the belt because of the whole slavery issues decades ago.Just like Hispanics, young African American males are mostly stereotyped and are part of racial indite but part of it is due to the fact that they commit many crimes. otherwise typical bias-based policing tactics occur when officers refuse or ignore taking a report from a minority citizen but would have done so had the person been white. This was a common complaint we heard from the minorities we intercommunicate with during the focus group meetings. (Iomo, Becton, Meadows, Tears, & Charles, 2009). The distrust can occur from many reasons and this was just one of them.Many other ethnic backgrounds have the aforesaid(prenominal) issues as Hispanic and Africa n American communities. This type of problems results are that Poor police-community relations adversely affect the ability of the police to prevent crime and apprehend criminals. People hostile to the police are not so likely to report violations of the law, even when they are the victims. They are even less likely to report suspicious persons or incidents, to establish as witnesses voluntarily, or to come forward and provide information in time citizen assistance is crucial to law enforcement agencies if the police are to solve an appreciable portion of the crimes that are committed. (Sullivan, Dunham, Alpert, 1987). Unfortunately this same problem still goes on today in many places about the United States including the world and wherever there are police officers present. The fact that some people cannot shroud being police officers gives a black eye to police officers around the world when they do something that will taint that image.So you see why there are many public o pinions towards police officers by divers(prenominal) ethnic backgrounds. It all depends on what ethnicity they are from because that generates the distrust. In surveys Blacks and Hispanics usually ever so rate police officers as medium to low and Whites give high ratings. There are many ethnicitys that have a public distrust for the police, but when conducting such surveys or research the age of the person has to be considered as well as the previous experiences with any police officer or criminal justice professional. ?

The Lost Symbol Chapter 83-85

CHAPTER 83In the moist air of the Jungle, the room decorator of the Capitol could feel the sweat now rolling d ingest his sand. His handcuffed wrists ached, still in entirely in all of his attention remained riveted on the ominous titanium briefcase that Sato had just opened on the bench between them.The contents of this case, Sato had t superannuated him, exit persuade you to see liaisons my way. I guarantee it.The tiny Asian woman had unclasped the metal case onward from Bellamys line of sight, and he had yet to see its contents, save his imagination was data track wild. Satos hand were doing something indoors the case, and Bellamy half expected her to extract a serial of g angle of dipening, razor- sharp tools.Suddenly a light source flickered inside the case, development brighter, illuminating Satos face from beneath. Her hands kept moving inside, and the light changed hue. afterward a few moments, she claimd her hands, grasped the entire case, and turned it towar d Bellamy so he could see inside.Bellamy institute himself squinting into the glow of what appe atomic number 18d to be some word form of futuristic laptop with a handheld retrieve receiver, cardinal antennae, and a double keyboard. His initial surge of relief turned quickly to confusion.The cove name bore the CIA logo and the textSECURE LOG-INUSER INOUE SATO gage CLEARANCE LEVEL 5Beneath the laptops log-in window, a get ahead icon was spinningONE MOMENT PLEASE . . .DECRYPTING FILE . . .Bellamys contemplate shot covert up to Sato, whose eyes were locked on his. I had not wanted to show you this, she said. except youve go forth me no choice. The screen flickered again, and Bellamy glanced back follow up as the file opened, its contents filling the entire LCD.For some(prenominal) moments, Bellamy st ared at the screen, trying to make sense of what he was looking at. Gradually, as it began to dawn on him, he matte the blood draining from his face. He stared in horror, unab le to look forward. But this is . . . impossible he exclaimed. How . . . could this beSatos face was grim. You tell me, Mr. Bellamy. You tell me.As the Architect of the Capitol began to fully encompass the ramifications of what he was seeing, he could feel his entire world teete besiege precariously on the brink of disaster.My god . . . Ive made a repellant, terrible mistakeCHAPTER 84doyen Galloway felt alive.Like all mortals, he knew the time was climax when he would shed his mortal shell, that tonight was not the night. His substantial heart was beating strong and fast . . . and his mind felt sharp. there is work to be done.As he ran his arthritic hands crosswise the benefits smooth surfaces, he could scarcely believe what he was feeling. I neer thinkd I would live to look this moment. For generations, the pieces of the tokenon map had been kept safely isolated from one some other. today they were united at last. Galloway wondered if this was the foretold time.Stran gely, fate had selected two non-stonemasons to tag on the pyramid. Somehow, this seemed fitting. The Mysteries are moving start of the inner circles . . . aside of darkness . . . into the light.Professor, he said, turning his head in the direction of Langdons breathing. Did stopcock tell you why he wanted you to watch oer the miniature package?He said powerful people wanted to steal it from him, Langdon replied.The doyen nodded. Yes, mother fucker told me the comparable thing.He did? Katherine said dead on his left. You and my brother rundle some this pyramid?Of course, Galloway said. Your brother and I gull spoken on many things. I was erst the Worshipful Master at the home plate of the Temple, and he comes to me for guidance at times. It was most a year agone that he came to me, deeply troubled. He sit down exactly where you are now, and he asked me if I believed in supernatural premonitions.Premonitions? Katherine sounded concerned. You mean want . . . visions?No t exactly. It was much(prenominal)(prenominal) visceral. putz said he was feeling the growing presence of a dark force in his life. He sense something was watching him . . . time lag . . . intending to do him great harm.Obviously he was right, Katherine said, considering that the same man who killed our drive and shits son had come to Washington and become one of Peters own masonic brothers.True, Langdon said, but it doesnt explain the involvement of the CIA.Galloway was not so sure. Men in power are always interested in greater power.But . . . the CIA? Langdon challenged. And obscureal undercovers? Something doesnt add up.Sure it does, Katherine said. The CIA thrives on technological advancement and has always experimented with the mystical intelligencesESP, remote viewing, sensory deprivation, pharmacologi expecty induced highly mentalized states. Its all the same thingtapping the unseen potential of the human mind. If theres one thing Ive learned from Peter, its this Science and mysticism are very nigh related, trenchant only by their approaches. They have identical goals . . . but different methods.Peter tells me, Galloway said, that your field of operation of study is a kind of modern mystical science?Noetics, Katherine said, nodding. And its proving man has powers un comparable anything we can imagine. She motioned to a stained-glass window depicting the acquainted(predicate) image of the Luminous Jesus, that of Christ with rays of light flowing from his head and hands. In fact, I just used a supercooled charge-coupled device to photograph the hands of a faith healer at work. The photos looked a lot comparable the image of Jesus in your stained-glass window . . . streams of energy pouring done and through the healers fingerbreadthtips.The well-trained mind, Galloway thought, hiding a smile. How do you think Jesus healed the hurtle?I realize, Katherine said, that modern medicine ridicules healers and shamans, but I saw this with my own eyes. My CCD cameras clearly photographed this man transmitting a massive energy field from his fingertips . . . and existently changing the cellular makeup of his patient. If thats not godlike power, past I dont know what is.Dean Galloway let himself smile. Katherine had the same fiery impatience as her brother. Peter once compared Noetic Scientists to the early explorers who were mocked for embracing the heretical notion of a spherical earth. Almost overnight, these explorers went from fools to heroes, discovering uncharted worlds and expanding the horizons of everyone on the planet. Peter thinks you will do this as well. He has very high hopes for your work. aft(prenominal) all, every great philosophical shift in tale began with a single bold idea.Galloway knew, of course, that one motivatingnt go to a lab to witness proof of this bold new idea, this proposal of mans untapped potential. This very duomo held healing beger circles for the sick, and repeatedly had witnessed truly miraculous results, medically authenticated physical convertations. The question was not whether deity had imbued man with great powers . . . but rather how we liberate those powers.The old dean state of affairsd his hands reverentially most the sides of the Masonic Pyramid and spoke very quietly. My friends, I do not know exactly where this pyramid points . . . but I do know this. There is a great spectral treasure interred out there somewhere . . . a treasure that has waited patiently in darkness for generations. I believe it is a catalyst that has the power to transform this world. He now touched the golden tip of the capstone. And now that this pyramid is assembled . . . the time is fast approaching. And why shouldnt it? The promise of a great transformational learning has been prophesied forever.Father, Langdon said, his tone challenging, were all known with the divine revelation of Saint John and the literal meaning of the Apocalypse, but biblical prophecy hard ly seemsOh, heavens, the Book of Revelation is a mess the dean said. Nobody knows how to read that. Im talking about clear minds theme in clear languagethe predictions of Saint Augustine, Sir Francis Bacon, Newton, Einstein, the list goes on and on, all anticipating a transformative moment of enlightenment. Even Jesus himself said, slide fastener is orphic that will not be made known, nor secret that will not come to light.Its a safe prediction to make, Langdon said. Knowledge grows exponentially. The more than we know, the greater our ability to learn, and the faster we expand our knowledge base.Yes, Katherine added. We see this in science all the time. Each new technology we invent becomes a tool with which to invent new technologies . . . and it snowballs. Thats why science has advanced more in the last five-spot years than in the previous five thousand. Exponential growth. Mathematically, as time passes, the exponential curve of progress becomes approximately vertical, and new development occurs incredibly fast.Silence fell in the deans office, and Galloway sensed that his two guests still had no idea how this pyramid could possibly stand by them reveal anything further. That is why fate brought you to me, he thought. I have a component part to play.For many years, the Reverend Colin Galloway, along with his Masonic brothers, had played the role of gatekeeper. Now it was all changing.I am no longer a gatekeeper . . . I am a guide.Professor Langdon? Galloway said, reaching out across his desk. Take my hand if you will. Robert Langdon felt uncertain as he stared across at Dean Galloways outstretched palm.Are we going to pray?Politely, Langdon reached out and placed his right hand in the deans withered hand. The old man grasped it firmly but did not begin to pray. Instead, he found Langdons index finger and guided it downward into the stone case that had once housed the golden capstone.Your eyes have blinded you, the dean said. If you saw with your f ingertips as I do, you would realize this box has something left to teach you.Dutifully, Langdon worked his fingertip around the inside of the box, but he felt nothing. The inside was perfectly smooth.Keep looking, Galloway prompted.Finally, Langdons fingertip felt somethinga tiny elevated circlea minuscule stud in the center of the base of the box. He removed his hand and peered inside. The little circle was virtually invisible to the naked eye. What is that?Do you recognize that symbolismization? Galloway asked.Symbol? Langdon replied. I can barely see anything at all. stir down on it.Langdon did as he asked, pressing his fingertip down onto the spot. What does he think will happen?Hold your finger down, the dean said. put through pressure.Langdon glanced over at Katherine, who looked puzzled as she tucked a wisp of fuzz behind her ears.A few seconds later, the old dean finally nodded. Okay, remove your hand. The chemistry is complete.Alchemy? Robert Langdon removed his hand from the stone box and sit in bewildered silence. Nothing had changed at all. The box just sat there on the desk.Nothing, Langdon said.Look at your fingertip, the dean replied. You should see a transformation.Langdon looked at his finger, but the only transformation he could see was that he now had an indentation on his skin made by the billhook nubbina tiny circle with a dot in the middle.Now do you recognize this symbol? the dean asked.Although Langdon recognized the symbol, he was more impressed that the dean had been able to feel the detail of it. Seeing with ones fingertips was simply a learned skill.Its alchemical, Katherine said, sliding her electric chair adjacent and examining Langdons finger. Its the antiquated symbol for gold.Indeed it is. The dean smiled and patted the box. Professor, congratulations. You have just achieved what every alchemist in history has strived for. From a worthless substance, youve created gold.Langdon frowned, unimpressed. The little parlor trick seemed to be no help at all. An interesting idea, sir, but Im afraid this symbola circle with a round dot in the middlehas loads of meanings. Its called a circumpunct, and its one of the most widely used symbols in history.What are you talking about? the dean asked, sounding skeptical.Langdon was stunned that a Mason was not more familiar with the spiritual importance of this symbol. Sir, the circumpunct has countless meanings. In ancient Egypt, it was the symbol for Rathe sun godand modern astronomy still uses it as the solar symbol. In Eastern philosophy, it represents the spiritual cleverness of the Third substance, the divine rose, and the sign of illumination. The Kabbalists use it to symbolize the Ketherthe highest Sephiroth and the most hidden of all hidden things. Early mystics called it the Eye of God and its the origin of the All-Seeing Eye on the Great Seal. The Pythagoreans used the circumpunct as the symbol of the Monadthe cleric Truth, the Prisca Sapientia, the at-one-ment of mind and soul, and the Enough Dean Galloway was chuckling now. Professor, thank you. You are correct, of course.Langdon now recognise he had just been played. He knew all that. The circumpunct, Galloway said, still smiling to himself, is essentially the symbol of the antediluvian patriarch Mysteries. For this reason, I would suggest that its presence in this box is not mere coincidence. Legend holds that the secrets of this map are hidden in the smallest of details.Fine, Katherine said, but make up if this symbol was inscribed there intentionally, it doesnt bring us any closer to deciphering the map, does it?You mentioned earlier that the wax seal you broke was raised with Peters ring?Thats correct.And you said you have that ring with you?I do. Langdon reached into his pocket, found the ring, took it out of the plastic bag, and placed it on the desk in front of the dean.Galloway picked up the ring and began feeling its surfaces. This unique ring was created a t the same time as the Masonic Pyramid, and traditionally, it is worn by the Mason in charge of protect the pyramid. Tonight, when I felt the tiny circumpunct on the bottom of the stone box, I realized that the ring is, in fact, part of the symbolon.It is?Im certain of it. Peter is my enveloping(prenominal) friend, and he wore this ring for many years. I am quite familiar with it. He handed the ring to Langdon. See for yourself.Langdon took the ring and examined it, running his fingers over the double-headed phoenix, the number 33, the words ORDO AB CHAO, and also the words All is revealed at the thirty- thirdly degree. He felt nothing helpful. Then, as his fingers traced down around the outside of the band, he stopped short. Startled, he turned the ring over and eyed the very bottom of its band.Did you find it? Galloway said.I think so, yes Langdon said.Katherine slid her chair closer. What?The degree sign on the band, Langdon said, showing her. Its so small that you dont actuall y notice it with your eyes, but if you feel it, you can tell its actually indentedlike a tiny circular incision. The degree sign was centered on the bottom of the band . . . and admittedly looked to be the same size as the raised nubbin in the bottom of the blocking.Is it the same size? Katherine moved closer still, sounding excited now.Theres one way to find out. He took the ring and lowered it into the box, aligning the two tiny circles. As he pushed down, the raised circle on the box slid into the rings opening, and there was a faint but decisive click.They all jumped.Langdon waited, but nothing happened.What was that? the priest said.Nothing, Katherine replied. The ring locked into place . . . but nothing else happened.No great transformation? Galloway looked puzzled.Were not done, Langdon realized, gazing down at the rings embossed insigniaa double- headed phoenix and the number 33. All is revealed at the thirty-third degree. His mind filled with thoughts of Pythagoras, sacred geometry, and angles he wondered if perhaps degrees had a mathematical meaning.Slowly, heart beating faster now, he reached down and grasped the ring, which was affix to the base of the cube. Then, slowly, he began turning the ring to the right. All is revealed at the thirty- third degree.He turned the ring ten degrees . . . twenty degrees . . . thirty degreesWhat happened next, Langdon never saw coming.CHAPTER 85Transformation.Dean Galloway heard it happen, and so he didnt need to see it.Across the desk from him, Langdon and Katherine were dead silent, no doubt staring in mute astonishment at the stone cube, which had just transformed itself forte sooner their very eyes.Galloway couldnt help but smile. He had anticipated the result, and although he still had no idea how this development would ultimately help them sack the riddle of the pyramid, he was enjoying the rare chance to teach a Harvard symbologist something about symbols.Professor, the dean said, few people realize tha t the Masons venerate the shape of the cube or ashlar, as we call itbecause it is a three-dimensional representation of another symbol . . . a much older, two-dimensional symbol. Galloway didnt need to ask if the prof recognized the ancient symbol now lying before them on the desk. It was one of the most renowned symbols in the world.Robert Langdons thoughts churned as he stared at the transformed box on the desk in front of him. I had no idea . . .Moments ago, he had reached into the stone box, grasped the Masonic ring, and gently turned it. As he rotated the ring through thirty-three degrees, the cube had suddenly changed before his eyes. The square panels that made up the sides of the box fell away from one another as their hidden hinges released. The box collapsed all at once, its side panels and lid falling outward, slapping loudly on the desk.The cube becomes a cross, Langdon thought. Symbolic alchemy.Katherine looked bewildered by the sight of the collapsed cube. The Masonic Pyramid relates to . . . Christianity?For a moment, Langdon had wondered the same thing. After all, the Christian crucifix was a respected symbol within the Masons, and certainly there were plenty of Christian Masons. However, Masons were also Jews, Muslims, Buddhists, Hindus, and those who had no name for their God. The presence of an exclusively Christian symbol seemed restrictive. Then the sure meaning of this symbol had dawned on him.Its not a crucifix, Langdon said, standing up now. The cross with the circumpunct in the middle is a binary symboltwo symbols fused to create one.What are you saying? Katherines eyes followed him as he paced the room.The cross, Langdon said, was not a Christian symbol until the fourth century. Long before that, it was used by the Egyptians to represent the intersection of two dimensionsthe human and the celestial. As above, so below. It was a visual representation of the juncture where man and God become one.Okay.The circumpunct, Langdon said, we already know has many meaningsone of its most recondite being the rose, the alchemical symbol for perfection. But, when you place a rose on the center of a cross, you create another symbol entirelythe uprise Cross.Galloway reclined in his chair, smiling. My, my. Now youre cooking.Katherine stood now, too. What am I missing?The Rose Cross, Langdon explained, is a common symbol in Freemasonry. In fact, one of the degrees of the Scottish communion is called Knights of the Rose Cross and honors the early Rosicrucians, who contributed to Masonic mystical philosophy. Peter may have mentioned the Rosicrucians to you. Dozens of great scientists were membersJohn Dee, Elias Ashmole, Robert FluddAbsolutely, Katherine said. Ive read all of the Rosicrucian manifestos in my research. any scientist should, Langdon thought. The Order of the Rose Crossor more formally the Ancient and Mystical Order Rosae Crucishad an enigmatic history that had greatly influenced science and closely paralleled the legend of the Ancient Mysteries . . . early sages possessing secret wisdom that was passed down through the ages and studied by only the brightest minds. Admittedly, historys list of famous Rosicrucians was a whos who of European Renaissance luminaries Paracelsus, Bacon, Fludd, Descartes, Pascal, Spinoza, Newton, Leibniz.According to Rosicrucian doctrine, the order was built on esoteric truths of the ancient past, truths which had to be concealed from the average man and which promised great insight into the spiritual realm. The brotherhoods symbol had blossomed over the years into a flowering rose on an ornate cross, but it had begun as a more modest extend circle on an unadorned cross the simplest manifestation of the rose on the simplest manifestation of the cross.Peter and I often discuss Rosicrucian philosophy, Galloway told Katherine.As the dean began outlining the interrelationship between Masonry and Rosicrucianism, Langdon felt his attention drawn back to the same nagging thought hed had all night. Jeova Sanctus Unus. This phrase is linked to alchemy somehow. He still could not remember exactly what Peter had told him about the phrase, but for some reason, the mention of Rosicrucianism seemed to have rekindled the thought. Think, RobertThe Rosicrucian founder, Galloway was saying, was allegedly a German mystic who went by the name Christian Rosenkreuza pseudonym obviously, perhaps even for Francis Bacon, who some historians believe founded the group himself, although there is no proof of A pseudonym Langdon declared suddenly, startling even himself. Thats it Jeova Sanctus Unus Its a pseudonymWhat are you talking about? Katherine demanded.Langdons pulse had quickened now. All night, Ive been trying to remember what Peter told me about Jeova Sanctus Unus and its relationship to alchemy. Finally I remembered Its not about alchemy so much as about an alchemist A very famous alchemistGalloway chuckled. Its about time, Professor. I mentioned his name twic e and also the word pseudonym.Langdon stared at the old dean. You knew?Well, I had my suspicions when you told me the grave said Jeova Sanctus Unus and had been decrypted using Durers alchemical wizardly square, but when you found the Rose Cross, I was certain. As you probably know, the in-person wallpapers of the scientist in question included a very severely annotated copy of the Rosicrucian manifestos.Who? Katherine asked.One of the worlds greatest scientists Langdon replied. He was an alchemist, a member of the magnificent Society of London, a Rosicrucian, and he signed some of his most snug science papers with a pseudonymJeova Sanctus UnusOne True God? Katherine said. Modest guy.Brilliant guy, actually, Galloway corrected. He signed his name that way because, like the ancient Adepts, he understood himself as divine. In addition, because the sixteen garner in Jeova Sanctus Unus could be rearranged to compose his name in Latin, making it a perfect pseudonym.Katherine now looked puzzled. Jeova Sanctus Unus is an anagram of a famous alchemists name in Latin?Langdon grabbed a piece of paper and pencil off the deans desk, writing as he talked. Latin interchanges the letters J for I and the letter V for U, which means Jeova Sanctus Unus can actually be perfectly rearranged to spell this mans name.Langdon wrote down sixteen letters Isaacus Neutonuus.He handed the slip of paper to Katherine and said, I think youve heard of him.Isaac Newton? Katherine demanded, looking at the paper. Thats what the engraving on the pyramid was trying to tell usFor a moment, Langdon was back in Westminster Abbey, standing at Newtons pyramidical tomb, where he had experienced a similar epiphany. And tonight, the great scientist surfaces again. It was no coincidence, of course . . . the pyramids, mysteries, science, hidden knowledge . . . it was all intertwined. Newtons name had always been a recurring guidepost for those seeking secret knowledge.Isaac Newton, Galloway said, m ust have something to do with how to decipher the meaning of the pyramid. I cant imagine what it would be, butGenius Katherine exclaimed, her eyes going wide. Thats how we transform the pyramidYou empathize? Langdon said.Yes she said. I cant believe we didnt see it It has been staring us right in the face. A simple alchemical process. I can transform this pyramid using basic science Newtonian scienceLangdon strained to understand.Dean Galloway, Katherine said. If you read the ring, it saysStop The old dean suddenly raised his finger in the air and motioned for silence. Gently, he cocked his head to the side, as if he were audition to something. After a moment, he stood up abruptly. My friends, this pyramid obviously has secrets left to reveal. I dont know what Ms. Solomon is getting at, but if she knows your next step, then I have played my role. Pack up your things and say no more to me. Leave me in darkness for the moment. I would prefer to have no information to share should ou r visitors try to force me.Visitors? Katherine said, listening. I dont hear anyone.You will, Galloway said, aim for the door. Hurry.Across town, a cell tower was attempting to contact a phone that lay in pieces on Massachusetts Avenue. Finding no signal, it redirected the call to voice mail.Robert Warren Bellamys panicked voice shouted. Where are you? Call me Something terrible is happening

Leadership, Power and Politics

competitiveness, Management and leadingConflict is a natural impression originating ascrib fit to individual and group interaction. It is a friction produced due to emotions and behaviors of citizenry takeing closely rubbing against sever entirelyy other. When heap from various backgrounds and beliefs work together, consciously or unconsciously they try to pass their own principles in work aspects creates booking.However, affair is non constantly destructive or regressive. When advantageously managed and directed, it has great utility in substantially improving an boldnesss functional and production aspects, along with helping individuals to evolve a reciprocal philosophy of work and cooperation. However, poorly managed conflict situation impairs the cheekal divulgecome, creating stress, introducing dissatisfaction and trim efficiency.Characteristics of ConflictThe round the clock work schedules, trans-national nature of jobs, and strain in todays existence acqui t worked together to make conflict an unavoid suit fit part in life of people. Work have-to doe withd stress, with pressures of deadline, lively levels of responsibility, problems of resource allocation and management, pockting, defining and achieving challenging goals, and all the term severe to coordinate with divers(prenominal) individuals give rise to perfect conditions for conflict to erupt within organizations (Bergman and Volkema, 1989). plainly before any attempt to resolve conflict it is important to understand the characteristics of conflict that an organization generally faces. agree to king (1990), a study of various organizational parameters indicated towards five characteristics of conflict . These atomic number 181. Conflict due to contrasting or oppose field of interests amongst or among individuals or groups.2. Recognition of these opposing interests by the interested parties3. Conflict centers on a perception by each side that its opposing party would i njure its interests4. Conflict is non a stage, rather a process and it results from the way individual and groups define their relations through the knightly interaction5. Actions and efforts by each party with the intention of negating others goals.Conflict management and attractership lead has a great social occasion to play in conflict resolution. A attracter with qualities with excellent communication, sagacity and negotiation empennage be instrumental in bringing the despotic outcome through the issues involved in the conflict. As the business and incarnate management has realized, leadinghip greatly helps to alleviate conflict situation due to its inspirational value. drawship essentially near encouraging people to pocket billiards themselves together towards achieving common goals and objectives (Rosenbach and Taylor, 1998, 1. loss drawship further em agencys individuals, helps them to rise above their run and position within the organization to associate them selves and their colleagues with particular(prenominal) works, duties and responsibilities and en sufficients them to identify and set their own directions, work on commitment and take challenges. (Day and Halpin, 2004, 3). Its not move past that companies argon ready to invest hugely in drawship pay backment program, as a guaranteed way to emerge ahead than their competitors. indoors every social, institutional or organizational structure, a loss leader is incessantly looked upon the person with abilities to broach reconciliation and resolution in situation of conflict. Leadership entails elements of military unit and authority that atomic number 18 critical to acquire influence. in that location are five power bases for a leader, as identified by cut and Raven (1959). They are1. Legitimate power the power that comes by lawfulness of the position and command to control behavior.2. Coercive power It is the leaders control oer persuasion and ability to take symbolic pu nitory actions in case of dissent3. Reward power It is the leaders control over granting rewards4. Expert power These are the specialties that a leader attains due to knowledge and experience and that he is expected to possess and affair in conflict resolution5. Referent power This is the power over over subordinate or group members to identify the leaderLeaders whitethorn opt for one, some or a combination or all of these power bases to attain conflict management and resolution by influencing the psychological and social dimension of conflict, trust, and authority (Johnson and Short, 1994Leadership (Power and Politics)Leadership is not a characteristic that exists in isolation. As it is defined, leadership implies establishing coordination, orientation, cooperation, and collaboration among the lineing to follow up designated objectives and goals. It is possible when leaders tin inspire their followers with respect, admiration, discipline, office in the abilities of the leade r while organism helped to envision themselves as sceptred individuals (Brown and Lord, 2004, 2).A good leader has the ability to take over horizontal roughly complex, demanding and otherwise impossible condition by exhibiting individual(prenominal) integrity, ethical and moral traits and values that other can relate to and aspire to go down on in their own conduct (Laurie, 2000, 53). Here it is important to distinguish personal charisma from leadership, as personal charisma, being an person specific phenomena, can awe people provided hardly give them impetus to follow in the footsteps of the leader.Leadership is also means natural acquisition of power and potential to tilt its equation affect over the leaders and their followers. There inherent dangers associated with power, and for close of the people, the condemnationless adage-power corrupts suits justly.Power contains a enticement that is hard to resist and has potential to become the ultimate goal for a person rathe r the tool that was designated in helping to achieve the goals. But a genuine leader understands this irony of power and at that placefore believes that power should be shared with others so that it can grow. The real power of leaders is their ability to inspire others with a sense of power and confidence (Champy and Nohria, 1999, 165).According to Reigels (1979) theory of bankruptment, the relevant categories to leadership practices and conflict management are1. Optimism-faith in goodness of humanity. It works on the principle of faith in inherent goodness of humanity with a sense that goals and objective are achievable.2. Interconnectedness-responsibility for the whole. The principle is extension of sense of responsibility to greater issues affecting the world that connects individual with the entire humanity.3. The contradictory nature of things. It teaches about recognizing and respecting that contradiction occurs in people, their experience and circumstances.4. Life is charac terized by crises. Recognition that crises and conflicts are inbuilt of destiny of life and progress is achieved by incorporating them in the philosophy towards life.5. Kinship with others. It stresses on building associations and help in realizing that every one is important and deserves stir respect from others.6. The opposition. It teaches about t resemblingg opposition as contradiction, instead of showing it in negative perspective.7. Acknowledging others contribution. It stresses on frank and appreciative acknowledgment of success and achievements of others recognitionBaron, R. A. (1990). Conflict in organizations. In K. R. potato & F. E. Saal (Eds.), Psychology in organizations Integrating science and practice (pp. 197216). Hillsdale, NJ ErlbaumBergmann T. J., and Volkema R. J. ( 1989). Understanding and managing interpersonal conflict at work Its issues, interactive processes, and consequences. In M. A. Rahim (Ed.), Managing Conflict An inter-disciplinary approach (pp. 7-19). New York PraegerBrown DJ and Lord, RG, 2004, Leadership Processes and ally Self-Identity, Lawrence Erlbaum Mahwah, NJ.Champy J, Nohria N, 1999, The Arc of Ambition Defining the Leadership Journey, Perseus Books (Current Publisher Perseus PublishingCambridge, MA.Day DV and Halpin SM, 2004, Leader Development for Transforming Organizations Growing Leaders for Tomorrow, (edit) David V. Day, Stanley M. Halpin, Stephen J. Zaccaro, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ.French, Jr., J.R.P., & Raven, B. (1959). The bases social power. In Dorwin Cartwright (edit.), Studies in social power (pp. 150-157). Ann Arbor, MI Researc Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for companionable Research, The University of MichiganJohnson, P.E and Short, P.M (1994). Exploring the Links among Teacher Empowerment, Leader Power and Conflict. Education. Volume 114. fill out 4. Page Number 581+.Laurie DL, 2000, The Real Work of Leaders A business relationship from the Front Lines of Management, P erseus Books (Current Publisher Perseus Publishing, Cambridge, MARiegel KF. Foundations of Dialectical Psychology. New York Academic Press, 1979.Rosenbach WE and Taylor RL, 1998, coetaneous Issues in Leadership, (edit) William E. Rosenbach, Robert L. Taylor, Westview Press,Boulder, CO.      Leadership, Power and PoliticsLeadership is the process of influencing others to act to accomplish specific objectives. Leaders are the key movers of an organization and they are able to inspire and motivate their members to work towards the attainment of goals. In the past, leadership have been thought of as a quality that only the elite managers possess, even reality is, each one of us possess and may develop our leadership skills.Being a leader is not an easy job, it takes creativity, innovativeness, discipline, irritation and an open mind. It is said that leaders emerge in times of change and turmoil it is a fact that when the going gets tough, leaders are there to get things done.Opportunities for change however essential be sought out and seized by the leader. It is a indispensable element in the exercise of leadership, for leadership is at its best when there is an opportunity to grow, innovate and to improve. A leader can accomplish this by treating every job as an adventure, by deciding that each day is an opportunity to learn something spic-and-span or to discover better ways of accomplishing things, the leader is more able to protrude changes that would be for the greater good of the group.When a leader seeks purposeful challenges, it allows the leader to work with passion and commitment that is personally gratifying and hence is able to effectively work for the group. With that, the leader also find and create meaningful challenges for others, when members feel that they are valued and trusted by their leaders to be able to accomplish realistic and challenging goals, they become more connected and become better workers. This mean s that the leader provides his/her members too become per se motivated to rise to the challenge.As a leader, it is important that he/she make the workplace fun, happy people are more productive and they alike(p) going to work everyday because it is a happy place. as such, when an organization is so used to doing things in the same way, it leads to complacency and even deterioration, olibanum a leader must be able to question the condition quo, this would mean that as a leader he/she must actively look for systems or programs that have outlived its usefulness and be creative complete to provide new ideas.Renewing teams in any organization is necessary in order to breathe new life to the team, a shuffling of subdivisions or the movement of positions would reenergize the team and possibly generate new ideas and opportunities. Lastly, the leader should adopt an open approach to searching for opportunities. It is an give birthance of the leader that he/she does not have the monop oly of ideas and it is necessary to be aware of what is happening outside(a) and inside the organization.Being an effective leader also takes the ability to try out and takes risks and to learn from mistakes. Leaders if for some twist of fate have always been thought of as someone who can transform any organization form the brink of death to greater heights. But in reality, it is the scientific and objective leader who is able to appreciate the importance of carrying out mini look intos of new processes that would in the end be more cost-effective than to recoil and implement a program or process that have not been tested.Experiments are for introducing new products while creating or developing models in specific departments of new processes will give the leader an objective assessment of the scuttle of success or failure of the new process. The leader is not the mend experimenter, he/she must encourage other to experiment also, but at times it is faced with fear and apprehen sion, thus the leader should assure the members that it is just to experiment. When a person is so set in his/her ways then it is difficult to initiate change, the leader therefore must be able to break the mind set of its people, to become more open to new ideas and change.An enormous change may be anxiety provoking for members, the leader thus should break up the changes into small challenges that members can accomplish one at a time. People work better if they know that their ideas and feelings are respected and that if what they are doing is of their own choice, a leader should give each person the opportunity to make their own choices. A leader must learn how to say yes to the ideas and opinions of its members, by saying yes more frequently than but or no, it would be easier for the leader to also solicit the cooperation of its people. A leader is not a Greek hero who has supernatural powers, he/she can make mistakes and a accepted leader has the grace and humility to accept his/her mistakes and to learn from it.Lastly, a leader should also be able to prise the effectiveness of the new programs or changes that he/she has carried out in the order and this exercise should be a collaborative effort with input from the different members of the organization. Knowing what may cause the failure of an innovation would go a long way in improving that product or process.It is true that leaders emerge out of the difficulties or major changes in an organization, and being a leader is no easy job, and one can always make use of information that would help enhance or develop our leadership skills. I found this as the advantage of the models, it provides true-to-life examples of how a leader is able to seize opportunities for change and why it is important to experiment and learn from mistakes.The disadvantages of the concepts however is that it is too abstract and sometimes it is difficult to relate to a job as mundane as selling cigarettes and that most of the ex amples involve large organizations wherein leaders are often the head of the department or the organization. Although the chapters do provide pointers on what an ordinary person could do to become a leader and it is a practical guide. The chapters present the concept as a series of things to do or things to learn, and not all could be applied at the same time to a wholeness organization. In my experience as a cigarette store owner, I am limited by the products that sell the most I may provide my customers with new brands or novel cigarettes but since smokers tend to lodge to one brand.I may be able to innovate in all likelihood in giving freebies to loyal customers or be creative by using bonus coupons that they could exchange for premium brands. Moreover, I do not have a staff and hence my leadership skills are not harnessed. On the other hand I work part time in a gasoline station and work with other people but again a gasoline station is one of the most normal and stable organ ization there is. Thus, unless if the gasoline station gets interchange or merged with another store, then maybe it would be time for me to rise to that challenge.On the other hand, learning about leadership has been elicit and very challenging, it tells me that I can be a leader someday it also made me become aware of some of my personal characteristics that is akin to leaders. I would like to share to others what I have learned about leadership, sometimes we do not know that we possess the ability to be leaders if other people dont acknowledge it, I would also tell them of the things that a good leader should be able to accomplish.That said, there are different leadership styles which a person may favor and use in different situations. Leadership styles include peremptory leadership, bureaucratic leadership charismatic leadership, participative leadership, Laissez-faire leadership, relations-oriented leadership, servant leadership, task-oriented leadership, transactional leader ship and transformational leadership.Personally, I think that participative leadership is the best among the styles because although the leader has the final say in the decisions concerning issues on organizational change it allows the members of the organization to contribute their ideas and thoughts. This communicate that the leader value and respects its members and thus increase job satisfaction of members and cultivates a culture of collaboration and cooperation that every organization needs to get things done.ReferenceKouzes, J. & Posner, B. (2002). The Leadership Challenge. California Jossey-Bass  

Play Macbeth by WIlliam Shakespeare Essay

The crook Macbeth was written by WIlliam Shakespeare in the 1600s. The whole play revolves approximately the theme of power. The theme of power is shown through dream, betrayal and vindicate utilise the symbolisms of sleep and blood.William Shakespeare utilise the number of ambition to portray power in Macbeth. Macbeth was knife thrustn by his ambition of gaining power. Macbeths hunger for power authorize him blond to the atrocities and iniquitous deeds he was performing. In Act 1 view 7 Macbeth is stating that ambition was his only motivation to use up Duncan. I stimulate no spurTo prick the sides of my intent,but only Vaulting ambition which oerleaps itself And falls on th early(a)wise. Shakespeare used a horse metaphor to show the conflict of emotions in Macbeths mind.Macbeth thinks of his purpose to kill Duncan as a cavalry horsebut he has no motive to urge it into action so it stands still. Macbeths ambition is fancy as a rider springing into his saddle who overle aps himself and falls on the other side of his steed.Macbeth means that his ambition to be king would inevitably expand him too far. The quotation is effective in defining Macbeths drive to ambition. Ambition is used by Macbeth to take the power from Duncan.William Shakespeare used the issue of betrayal to portray power in Macbeth. The issue of betrayal is shown passim the play from the start when the Thane of Cawdor betrayed Duncan. Macbeth betrayed Duncan,his guest,king and relative by killing him to take the poll parrot of Scotland. Macbeth betrayed his friend and colleague Banquo who stayed by his side when they were fighting against the Norwegians. Macbeth also betrayed bird Macbeth his wife by dismissing her from formal duties. In Act 1 Scene 7 Macbeth is telling lady macbeth to brood their knowings of duncans murder to a lower place an innocent face. Away,and mock the time with the fairest show, False face must hide what the false heart doth know. Shakespeare used an i ambic Pentameter to lend dignity and presence to Macbeth after his devious excogitates to kill Duncan. The quote is effective in present that Macbeth would betray his king and guest and act innocent with the devious plan in his mind and stoop low just to gain what he wanted. Betrayal is the weapon that Macbeth used to gain power.The issue of revenge was used by William Shakespeare to show power in Macbeth. Revenge was shown from the start of the play when the witches got revenge on the sailors wife who didnt give the witches any chestnuts. Banquo got his revenge on Macbeth when he came back as a ghost and frighten Macbeth as well as embarrassing him in front of other thanes. Macduff got his revenge by killing Macbeth who slaughtered his family. In act 4 setting 3 malcolm comforts macduff who heard that his family was slaughtered by Macbeth by telling him to cite revenge his medicine to remediation his grief. lets make us medcines of our great revengeTo cure this deadly griefM alcolm is telling Macduff to make the revenge on Macbeth, a medicine that would cure his grief. Malcolm is implying that revenge is sweet. The quote is effective in showing that macduffs revenge on Macbeth was to cure his own grief caused by Macbeth. Revenge was the issue which made cardinal person to rise up or fall down. business line was a symbolism which helped to symbolize the issues that shows power in Macbeth. The word blood occurs frequently throughout the play.In act 1 scene 2, the wounded superior told a report which described the bloody war. Blood was also connect to guilt after after macbeth had murdered Duncan. Once Macbeth and lady Macbeth transport upon their murderous journey, blood comes to symbolize their guilt, and they begin to feel like their crimes have stained them in a way that cannot be washed clean. Blood symbolizes the guilt that sits like a permanent stain on the consciences of both(prenominal) Macbeth and lady Macbeth, one that hounds them to thei r graves. The enormity of Macbeths crime has awakened in him a powerful sense of guilt that will hound him throughout the play.

Ms †Mahathir Foreign Policy Essay

Subsequence to the persistence, a re radical has been interpreted in the 38th session of the United Nations where the General-Secretary of United Nations must straighten out a thorough study on Antarctica issues which included the distribution of ingrained resource which available and the Antarctica pact System. Malaysia was able to get a United Nations resolution to involve issue of distribution of Antarctic natural resources in the upcoming United Nations agenda in November 1984.However, Malaysia failed to obtain a resolution for the establishment of the United Nations committee to replace the Antarctica accord dodge as in that respect were strong protests from the countries of Antarctica Treat System which were United assure of America and Russia. Malaysia assumes that the continent of Antarctica as indwelling in the terms of its ascertain on Ecology and the surrounding world and the worlds climate. For example, 90% of the worlds fresh water which consist in the direct of ice and snow were available in Antarctica.Besides, it also contains a effectiveness supply of foodstuffs and raw materials such as iron minerals, coal, chromium, uranium, cobalt, nickel, copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, platinum, oil and gas. Furthermore, there be also plants and animals that only if consist in Antarctica and there ar some which ar rare in other places. Based on these facts, Malaysia demands the continent in Antarctica to become common heritage for common benefits for the whole world.In December 1959, issues which involve the affairs of Antarctica was managed by the representatives of the countries which are the members of the Antarctica Treaty System. Then, Malaysia has a view that the trunk only benefits the minor mathematical group of members of the Antarctica Treaty System. The arranging is not fair as the rank and file structure in the form of two levels (two-tier) because the decision can only be made by 16 countries which are the former members of the treaty, though there are another 12 countries which are also the members of the treaty.These 12 countries are only each(prenominal)owed to conduct research without having the power to vote or making decision. This is against to the objectives of the former agreement in the Antarctica Treaty where Antarctica should be managed by international committee for the benefits of all mankind. Moreover, 160 countries were in the United Nations currently which most of them are composed of developing countries. Therefore, their rights and their views should be taken into circumstance by the international committee of Antarctica.The privilege in the management system based on the Antarctica was not been satisfied. The former member countries held several private meeting without the knowledge of the other members. These closed-door meeting was held in order of battle to establish a mineral regime for the purpose of mining mineral substances in their area. With the advent of Sea-Bed C onvention on the Law of the Sea and the soupcon of formation of International Sea-Bed Authority, the mineral regime which proposed by members of the Antarctic Treaty is extremely against to most other countries.Mineral regime is another take on by the former members of the agreement to enhance their power in the conviction of Malaysia. Nevertheless, the activities of mining mineral substances can cause massive destruction to the system ecology in Antarctica. The objectives of this policy are to share the minerals in Antarctica for the benefits of all human beings. Next, it is to preserve the ecology and environment of the world. Besides, Antarctica is use to encourage the excogitation of disarmament, denuclearisation and demilitarisationIt is hoped that the suggestions as well as Malaysias suggestion to make Antarctica as the common heritage for the common benefit of the entire world ordain be take into the consideration of the organizations of the United Nations. THE CONCEPT OF ZONE OF PEACE, exemption AND NEUTRALITY (ZOPFAN) IN SOUTHEAST ASIA As the block that can be regarded as non-communist Southeast Asia, ASEAN in reality stick to neutrality. Malaysias proposal for the creation of zone of peace, freedom and neutrality or ZOPFAN was accepted as the ASEAN stance.The concept and this policy was announced in Kuala Lumpur by our 4th pinnacle minister who was Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad on the 27th November 1971. There are some important factors and events that occurred in Southeast Asia which thrust rise to the concept of the Zone of peace,Freedom and neutrality. These factors and events are the position of Southeast Asia is quite strategic to the great powers in the stage setting of East-West governmental tensions political upheaval in Vietnam as well as the results of withdrawal of British troops from Southeast Asia and the United States from Vietnam in the archaean 70s.These developments had created anxiety among the ASEAN countries, as it may affec t regional stability. Next, the wars in Korea and Vietnam ASEAN persuade that intervention and support military superpowers conflict smaller countries of Southeast Asia are often threatened the stability of this region. Furthermore, at the time there was a spirit of regionalisma which created ASEAN regional economic cooperation that can be used as a catalyst to achieve ZOPFAN.The objective of Zone of peace, Freedom and Neutrality is to make Southeast Asia a region of peace, freedom and neutrality of political bickering major powers particularly the United States, Russia and Peoples state of China. Among the key strategies that have been formulated and implemented to achieve these objectives are by getting the great powers approval, recognition and guarantee about the objective and efforts to shed light on the concept. Next, it is to protract foreign military troops from Southeast Asia in the unyielding run.Moreover, it makes Southeast Asia as a region free of nuclear weapon. In conclusion, the willingness of great powers to recognize and guarantee Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality is essential for the creation of ZOPFAN. In addition, support from all members of the ASEAN countries is also needed. However, ASEANs goal to continue to pursue the concept ZOPFAN is reflected by the ASEANs efforts to finda political solution in Cambodia based on the resolution of the United nations Organisation and the proclamation of Internatonal Conference on Kampuchea 1981.

Dimensions Of Negotiation

Negotiation has been an intensely studied and researched topic in the fields of stemma, government activity and psychology since past many years. The importance of dialog stems from the fact that it is an inter-personal passage of colloquy that involves the principle of direct approach to individuals. With increasing recognition of colloquy as a premier engaging strategy in betrothal resolution and ensuring smooth brass sectional affairs, a critical parameter for succeeder and growth in todays environment, dialog has gained considerable focus and focus.Although talks is a part of communication strategy, today it has emerged as an freelance communication system with its own processes and life cycle. The major dimension of dialog include, negotiation as a process of infringe management, negotiation as a inter-personal process, architecting the process of negotiation, and third party negotiation. Among these , the two major dimensions of negotiation be encounter manage ment and third party intervention.Negotiation and conflict management . Negotiation, as a part of managing conflict, requires interested parties to trade proposals for settlement that include, come in of court settlements, business contracts, collective bargaining contract etc (Womack, 1990, 32). As Womack merely elaborates, generally the process of negotiation proceeds by motives that are some(prenominal) competitive and cooperative.The approach of communication in the entire process of negotiation is concerned with the messages that are transferred among negotiators and the concerned parties. Communication intervenes in the process of negotiation through with(predicate) its both verbal and nonverbal pass waters and constitutes the entire base on which the goals and terms of the bargain are negotiated. Communication plays the telephone exchange role in not only developing the relationship among the parties in conflict, but as well as in determining its direction.It is also central in every form of bargaining process, whether the bargaining is done for organizational form of conflict management, involves conflict resolution, negotiation on legal agreements or for negotiation in inter- assemblage an intra group conflict. The entire role of communication in negotiation processes and strategies is quite considerable and it ranges from defining the conflict issues, selection and implementation of strategies to presenting and defending the viable alternatives and ultimately helping in r all(prenominal)ing on a solution (Womack, 1990, 35).In several(prenominal) studies on communication research, especially those involving game theory, communication was not considered central to the process of negotiation. Experiments showed that even when bargainers and negotiators resorted to communication, it was more for threatening than cooperating and collaborating. Womack quotes Deutsch (1969) to inform that back in 60s communication was considered as an unreliable a pproach in settling conflicts through negotiations.Moreover, there were fears that poor communication forms could result in mis tuition, errors and possible cast out outcomes. There was an additional perception that owing to competitive natures of negotiations, effective and sacrifice channels of communication were not possible. Some of these findings hold valid in disputes, particularly that are distributive in nature and concern with business and marketing segment, it has been nonetheless observed that where the goal is to achieve integrated goals, a problem solving approach works in excellent way.Womack (1990) yet cites Lewicki, Weiss and Lewin, (1988), Fisher and Uri (1981), Lewicki and Litterer (1985) and Walton and Mckersie (1965) to state that negotiator resort to using bigeminal formal and informal communication channels to redefine the issues, present psychoanalysis of causes that offer difficulties in resolving the conflict and finally, through sharing of information and assessment of needs, help to identify the complete range of possible alternatives and solutions that are acceptable to mutual interests and needs of each party in the deal.These approaches hunt to negotiation strategies that involve greater participation by conflicting parties, positively contributing to the increased chances of success in reaching settlement through more alternate solution.Some of the communication strategies adopted during negotiations on the group and organization levels in managing conflict include use of fantasy themes, interpretive themes, and stories and rituals that rear scapegoats to the involved parties and give them external reasons to come out with excuses, reasons and justifications to accommodate each others behavior, thereby preventing the chances of negotiations being stalled (Womack, 42).It is of first importance that a intercessor should present a completely neutral and unbiased encounter before the conflicting parties to win their confiden ce and trust in the readiness of mediator to help in achieving possible outcome in conflict. The communication skills of mediators should present them as individuals free of gender, racial or ethnic biases. along with this, successful mediation also requires listening skills on part of the mediator. It helps mediator to understand the current position of each party in the conflict as well inspire them with confidence in the neutrality of the mediator.

Lobbying in the European Union

The European Commission has four main rules1. Proposing new legislatings to the fan tan and the Court. It is serious that these proposals be aimed to defend the interest of the Union and its citizens, and not hardly for specific countries or industries.2. It is responsible for supervising the budget under the wakeful eye of the Court. It also has to manage the policies which are adopted by the fantan and Council.3. They wipe out to achieve sure that the law in every European country is properly applied.4. Representing the EU on the international stage. It makes sure that the ingredient states can speak with one voice (Europa.eu, 2009).Explain why the corpse of Qualified Majority Voting (QMV) in the Council of Ministers has become more historic in the decision-making processAssuming a measure is opposed by Britain, Italy and Ireland, which together wield 23 votes, these take away more agent than littler countries. Since a blocking absolute majority consists of 26 votes, t he power of Denmark or Finland (each with triplet votes) to determine the Councils decision on the measure becomes infinitely greater than Luxembourgs (with nevertheless two votes). A sm only country can exert terrific leverage on its larger colleagues when it can use its votes to transform an subsisting coalition into a qualified majority or blocking majority (Peterson and Bomberg, 1999, p.51-52).Why and how has the parting of the European parliament become more probative in the decision-making processThe European fantan works aside the Council of Ministers to make decisions, therefore Parliament amendments are now influenced by the European Parliament in the decision-making process. It is more involved under two procedures, co-decision and cooperation with the Council of Ministers. This procedure was introduced by the EC Treaty of Maastricht and was largely expanded by the Amsterdam and clear alteration of the TEC. Now the procedure is applied to practic every(prenominal)( a)y all important matters (Europedia, 2009).With the cooperation procedure, introduced in the SEA, the Council becomes more influenced. If the EP has different opinions to what the Council proposes in a specific legislation, still discussion and modifications can be undertaken. Today this procedure pass on only be applied in limited areas of economic and monetary unions. infra the co-decision procedure now fall the vast majority of EU legislations that were introduced by the Maastricht, Amsterdam and Nice Treaties. In this procedure the EP has more power to nix against some decisions from the Council. If they can not agree with each other, the legislation will fail to exist (Bomberg E. and Stubb A., 2005, p. 59).To what extent will changes to decision making procedures limn in the Lisbon Treaty (2007) improve the legislation process inwardly the EUFirstly, it generalises the qualified majority voting in a expression legislative process. Secondly, the weight of the votes will change in the Council and significantly change the system of qualified majority. From the 1st of November 2014, the qualified majority has to be at least 55 % of the members of the Council, including a minimum of fifteen of them and representing Member States involving a minimum of 65 % of the inhabitants of the Union. A blocking majority must have a minimum of four Council members, and the qualified majority will be reached. The new voting system values the fairness of Member States as each one has one vote in respect of the eldest decisive factor and the second criteria is the population size of a country. The third gear criteria which must be noted is that 15 Member States in place upright of the proposal is unnecessary(Europedia, 2009).Current decisions about roaming fees and the services directive edge how the European Parliaments membership guides take decisions, which are in the interest of the European citizens. Henceforward, the European Parliament will have the same power as the Council of Ministers in many areas. Regarding the agricultural policy, the Parliament will be capable to contribute to it. The EP will therefore take part in all aspects of the EU budget. The national Parliament will play a role prior to the acceptance of EU legislation and will be wizard to force the Commission to modify draft EU-legislations. It will be a milestone to bringing the EU nearer to its citizens (TheEuros, 2007).In what ways do lobbying groups contribute to the policy process in the EU and why are they significant for businessIn 2008, there were 15,000 lobbyists and 2,500 lobbying organisations in Brussels. In the EU, the Lobbyist ordinarily drops into one of three major groups industry associations, regional representations and non-governmental organisations / interest groups. concern groups and industry associations nidus on influencing decision-making processes for the benefit of their members, while also convention and disseminating useful informa tion. In distinction, regional lobby groups stand for regional and local penities within EU Member States, they do not focus on direct lobbying, but on networking, informing and marketing their regions all the way through the EU machinery (Stevenson, 2008, p.1).One of the most important issues in front of interests groups is the hanging balance of power between European Institutions. effusion of qualified majority voting in the Council take the veto power from Member States in some economic areas, the co-decision process gave the European Parliament a bigger role in decision-making and the power to reject legislation that the Council favours. Interest groups style alliances in order to give the issue a true European dimension and perspective. The EU today manages important policies such as the Common Agriculture Policy, telecommunication, the negotiation in the World raft Organisation, food safety, public health and transport. Business groups account for almost two-thirds of a ll Eurogroups (Lehmann, 2003, p.5-21).Lobbying is significant for the business, because the firms can influence on the governments decisions.Levi Strauss & Co. for example, relies on Guatemala for materials such as textiles. In 2001, the U.S. government denied Guatemala duty-free status for its imports due to the Latin America governments decision to adequately implement labor laws. This would have increase Levi Strausss costs, so it had a clear business interest in dominating, quite a than lobby the U.S. government to retain Guatemalas preferential trade status the author writes, Levis choose to attack the cause of the problem the Guatemalas lack of labour laws. The moderate Guatemala put into operation stronger labor laws as a result it continues to have protected trade status with the United States (Is Lobbying for Good CSRs Missing Link?, 2009).

Economics Commentary- Prices of onions jumped yesterday, buoyed by a ban by India on the export of the item Essay

Prices of onion plant plants jumped yesterday, buoyed by a ban by India on the export of the item, traders said.The equipment casualty of onions rose to Tk 36-45 a kg yesterday from Tk 32-42 on Thursday in markets in Dhaka, according to Trading can of Bangladesh.The wholesale prices of onions also rose.There is a lack in the total of onions in the market. Those who ar still hoarding parenthoods are reluctant to merchandise as well, said Idris Ahmed, owner of a wholesale store, Dhaka Baniyalaya at Shyambazar.He said onions were selling at Tk 35-36 a kilogram at the wholesale market of Shyambazar yesterday. Prices went up since Friday afternoon, after news program of the ban by India, said Ahmed.The prices of loc bothy produced onions also rose, influenced by the move by India, he added.This is the second time in less than a year that India cut back onion exports to curb the hike in prices, according to Indian news reports.On September 8, an Indian ministerial panel banned onion exports following a steep rise in prices, reports Reuters, quoting Food parson KV Thomas. The restriction came in effect on Friday. We go away look back the ban every fortnight, said Thomas.Bangladesh meets much of its local demand for onions by spell outing it from the neighbouring country.Since Saturday, 80 onion-laden trucks entered Bangladesh till yesterday afternoon, our Chapainawabganj correspondent reports.No freightage took place at the Bhomra Land Port yesterday. The trucks carrying onions that came to the Ghojadanga Land Port on the Indian side returned without shipment, our Sathkhira correspondent reports.Babul Hasnat Durul, an onion importer at Sona Masjid, said their suppliers are not shipping onions a extend tost the previously placed orders by Bangladeshi importers.We are worried. If onions are not exported against the already opened letters of credit (LCs), we pull up stakes incur losses, said Durul.The LCs came to a halt following the ban on exports, sai d Islam of the C& F Agents Association.The disruption in communicate from India led to the hike in the prices of locally produced onions, said Mohammad Aminul Islam, an onion interlocutor at Karwan Bazar. He bought a 40 kilogram bag of onions from Pabna on Saturday at Tk 1,450, he said. Prices for the same stood at Tk 1,300-1,350 last week, he added.This oblige talks about the rise in onion prices that has happened in Bangladesh collect satis computey to a perfectlyage of onion. The shortage is due to the restriction on onion exports imposed by the Indian administration. This has resolveed in a decrease in contribute (the amount of money of a commodity that sellers are pass oning and able to sell at contrastive prices) outgrowthing in price rise.Price of onion in the market is determined by the demand (the amount of a commodity that consumers are forgeting and able to buy at different prices) for and the supply of onions. Initially the market was offset (this is the point where demand is gibe to supply) at point E where at P* price Q* amount was purchased and sold.Due to the ban imposed by the Indian presidential term on exports of onions, the supply of onions in the Bangladesh market has decreased substantially. This is because Bangladesh relies on imports of onions from neighboring countries for the supply in its domestic marketThe decrease in supply will shift the supply curve to the left from S to S1. This will result in a new equilibrium E1 with a higher equilibrium price. As the article says that the price of onion rose to Tk 36-45 a kilogram from Tk 32-42The higher onion prices will reduce the step demanded and people with express mail income or low income will countenance to switch to the available substitutes (goods which replete the same wants) want radish. Also industries like restaurants which use onions as inputs will experience an amplify in the cost of produced and will be hale to increase price to keep profits constant .The Indian governments decision to restrict exports of onions will increase the supply of onion in the Indian market. This will result in lower onion prices in India, and hence Indian consumers will benefit. On the other hand onion being a necessary commodity will have an inflexible demand (when for a certain percentage change in price, the quantity demanded will change less than proportionate.) Higher prices in onion will result in a greater expenditure of households and hence Bangladeshi consumers will be the losers. The Bangladeshi farmers and traders who have onion stocks will gain from the higher prices.The Bangladesh government may have to impose a reward (payment by government to producers of goods and services either to increase supply or reduced cost) or upper limit prices (price imposed below equilibrium price through legislation by the government to protect the interest of consumers) in order to control the onion prices. Provision of subsidy will result in a greater g overnment expenditure which will have an opportunity cost (the next best alternative for government) in legal injury of various welfare services which need to be sacrificed. Imposition of maximum prices will result in greater shortages and may increase the problem.In order to screw with this situation the government of Bangladesh may resort to import onion from other countries which have surplus. However this is only a short run solution (time period during which at least one factor of output cannot be changed) solution to deal with the immediate prices. Imports will increase supply and thereby reduced price of this commodity and benefit the Bangladeshi households. To deal with this problem in the long run (time period where all factors become variable) the Bangladeshi government should encourage greater domestic production of onion. This can be done by giving subsidys to onion producers or spreading awareness to popularise onion production.The government should also try and redu ce onion hoarding by traders in Bangladesh market. Hoarding is an illegal activity and the government should be vigilant to reveal this. The government also need to improve infrastructure facilities like irrigation, menu and storage facilities to reduce the fluctuation in the supply of agricultural goods. The government can also build a buffer stock (a stock of essential food grain and strategic materials held by government to deal with unforced seen events) of essential food grains to reduce the fluctuations in the prices of agricultural products like onions. However all this involves a lot of government expenditure which may result in higher government borrowing and greater taxes.

Effects of Equality in “Harrison Bergeron”

Kyle Chandler Professor T. Payne side 1102 4 February 2013 Effects of luciferity in Harrison Bergeron Harrison Bergeron, written by Kurt Vonnegut focuses on the idea of physical and mental equality, which is controlled by the government in the family 2081 the strong be forced to wear hindrances which hinder their abilities, the intellectual ar forced to be unintelligent due to a radio vector that wont allow the individual to judge. Vonnegut uses satirical tone and places this apologue in the future, to show how come up equality would not work.Not only does complete equality sound absurd it removes the faculty for individuals to be different. Individuality core having a quality that fractures one individual from an separate. This means that by having total equality, there is a loss of individuality. In Kurt Vonneguts story Harrison Bergeron, Vonneguts satirical, dystopian society in which everyone is medium, presents the idea that handicaps that constitute equality to a fault eliminates individuality, along with self-worth. end-to-end Harrison Bergeron every member of society is equal. With the use of handicaps no person can be above average intellect, strength or even appeal.Vonnegut uses sacred scripture choice that promotes this society is a badinage excogitation early in the story. The Year Was 2081, and everybody was finally equal (Vonnegut 7). By throwing in the adjective finally, Vonnegut claims that it should have happened sooner, so far as the story goes on it becomes obvious that nothing is attractive about total equality. He opens the bit paragraph by introducing the two chief(prenominal) grammatical cases, George and Hazel. Vonnegut to a fault promotes his satire when the main records keep losing train of thought due to the fact that George has a handicap that keeps him from mobilizeing too much and Hazel is of average information. There were p wile on Hazels cheeks, only if shed forgotten for the snatch what they were a bout (Vonnegut 7). Having the major power to cry and then no long-term computer storage the reasoning for it is not only below average news show, but also inhumane. By showing that the Hazel does not even have the intelligence to remember something that brings enough emotion to produce tears, Vonnegut presents how these handicaps could not possibly be an improvement to the future because to be truly equal you have to be the same as the least intelligent, least strong, and least attractive.He also uses a mocking tone when referring to Georges son Harrison. In the story George starts to think about his abnormal son who is in jail but cannot think about it long due to the mental handicap (9). The author uses the word abnormal satirically because Harrison is a genius and an athlete and way above average in every manner(10). The use of satire in Vonneguts story promotes that handicaps eliminate individuality by making each component the same. By creating total equality in this socie ty, it abolishes the self-worth of the individuals.People gain self-worth by having a quality about them that makes them superior to others, whether it is their intelligence, a hobby they are impregnable at, or a skill they have acquired. In Harrison Bergeron it is no longer possible to have superior qualities and Vonnegut shows this when the main characters are watching a dance recital on television. Hazel states that the dance was nice yet in reality they werent really very near no better than whateverone else would have been, anyway (8). This shows that even if the dancers were talented they could not be proud of their talents or display it due to the handicaps.With no reason for individuals to be proud of themselves there is no longer a need for earth to grow. This normality not only ruins dancing as an art but also ruins all other forms of art too. When the musicians play in Harrison Bergeron it is average until the protagonist Harrison, comes in and strips them of their h andicaps for a short amount of time (12). The ability to be limitedive and different is one of the sole reasons behind art when it comes to musicians and dancers. Artists lose all self-worth that comes with their talent when they can no longer express it.What is the point in developing a skill, if the handicap on it is middling going to be increased? Similarly the individuals absence seizure of self-worth is mainly due to the vacancy of individuality. Handicaps controlling peoples mental and physical ability removes individuality for every human being. With individuality being a character quality that key outes them from others, people no longer have the any qualities that separate them from others. Vonnegut shows this with the main character George, even though his intelligence is way above normal, George has a little mental handicap in his ear (7).Instead of having his intelligence which sets him apart from the normal members of society, the oppressive society that yearns for e quality has diminished his individuality. Throughout the whole story there is only one hopeful mount in which individuality is achieved. Harrison Bergeron, the outcast who breaks the law by not victimization handicaps when he is incredibly intelligent, strong, and good looking, breaks out of jail and gives the audience a small glimpse of hope. He goes on public television and exclaims that he is the new emperor and that he is a greater ruler than any man who ever lived (12).Even though Harrison is a bad guy towards other characters, he stands for good in the story because he is the only character with individuality and the ability to remove equality. This glimpse of hope does not live long though because the Handicapper General, the head of the police force, comes in and kills George. The satirical tone in Kurt Vonneguts story Harrison Bergeron demonstrates that handicaps throughout the story are not actually an improvement, because they remove the individuals ability to distingui sh themselves from others.The restrictions that are placed on people hinder their intellect, strength, and appeal, keeping everyone equal but at the same time, displaying a lack of freedom, self-worth, and individuality. Vonneguts satire tone also exaggerates the idea of equality being a good thing, showing that total equality violates human rights. By setting Harrison Bergeron in the future, Vonnegut shows how total equality would be undesirable to the audience. Works Cited Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr. Harrison Bergeron 1961. delightful to the Monkey House. New York Dial Trade Paper Backs, 2010. 7-14. Print.