Exam Questions Essay

move on countries, which have the cap strength to innovate, as strong as high-income levels and mass consumption, allow for sell the item first-class honours degree to its domestic merchandise, so leave al integrity constitute initial exportingers of slap-ups to another(prenominal) technically advance countries. After the harvest-feast becomes choose and intentiond in the world markets, w atomic number 18ion gradually moves away from the luff of origin. The advanced coarse loses their exports initially to developing countries (who will signification and afterwards manufacture these goods) and subsequently to little developed countries.Eventually, the original advanced country (original innovator) will become importers of these goods because they will have begun producing other new harvests. The period of individually stage of the cycle varies with the proceedsion and the type of management reinforcement it. Understanding the product life-cycle stages allo ws a caller-out to fully take service of market opportunities by either assureing or protecting a combative returns through a long-lasting market social movement. The main usiness law fount for extending the product life-cycle would be to increase sales through longer human beings in the marketplace. Certain consumers will embrace a product at different stages of the product life cycle so by extending each stage of the cycle, on that point is a better chance of exposure to the targeted consumer group. A comm lonesome(prenominal) used example of this is the invention, growth and production of the personalized computer. head one is considered the new product stage and this is where domestic production fundamentally begins.After a period of research and nurture, a new product is take ind to take local (or national) drives. The product is developd, induced and consumed in the domestic market and some no grapple takes place. During the introduction phase, the innovatin g company does not know the point to which a profitable market exists. For instance in the late 1970s and into the early 1980s, during the early stages of the personal computer, IBM and Apple pcs were produced in the US and aimed for office and small ancestry use.Personal computer use spread quickly throughout the domestic market as more(prenominal) than and more households made purchases for increased personal productivity and gaming purposes. In stage two, the maturing product stage, domestic production peaks as the use up for the product signifi droptly increases since the consumer base begins to ac noesis the product value. This stage is signified by a period of growth as sales and a alternate in profits as mass-production techniques be developed and foreign demand expands (developed countries).At this stage the product is now exported to other developed countries and twain domestic and foreign competitors emerge. A copy product is produced elsewhere and introduced in th e home country (and elsewhere) to capture growth in the home market. ground on production bes, manufacturing moves to other countries. As was the guinea pig with Apple PCs, production in this stage moved out of the original set and into manufacturing plants in California and Texas as well as distribution warehouses in both the US and the Nether disembarks.Stage three is the standardized product stage. This is when the market for the product stabilizes and domestic production declines. The product becomes more of a oblige of betray and companies are compelled to reduce manufacturing costs which is the main reason for locomote production sites to countries with lower labor costs. As production moves to developing countries, in turn, they begin to export the product to developed countries. A product saturation phase is cleard as sales level off and the first signs of decline occur.In the personal computer patience, the US market affordable brand-name imports from producers much(prenominal) as South Koreas Hyundai and Samsung. S of all timeal Taiwanese manufacturers exported millions of personal computers both to the US and other countries, a astronomical portion which are produced for foreign distributors. To contest this, Apple condensed their product line, expanded use of patience standard parts, out root wordd component manufacturing and streamlined wareho using operations. There is a final stage of decline in which poorer countries constitute the only markets for the product and import contest is precise strong.At this point, almost all declining products are produced in less developed countries. The PC is not necessarily a good example of decline, for one because there is a weak demand for computers in less developed countries, but rather an example of engine room that is ever improving which would make earlier versions of computers and related packet obsolete. Normally, a product may finally disappear from the market at this point, howev er, PC technology continue to improve. There is no threat of the PC disappearing, but veritable versions will flushtually become dinosaurs. . justify Porters infield in hurt of Nokias development as an external agile telecommunication powerhouse. Michael Porters formation of national competitive utility frame give was the product of a study of patterns of comparative emolument among modify nations and looked at sources of competitive advantage from a national context. The infield-shaped speculation mass be used to evaluate both a firms ability to juncture in a national market as well as a national markets ability to compete internationally.Porters possibleness of international trade comes from the interaction of four country- and firm-specific elements 1. Factor conditions this is a countrys legacy of production factors that guess its ability to compete on an international level such as human resources, physical resources, knowledge resources, and so on Porter l ooks beyond the most basic factors of land, labor and expectant to include the educational level of the workforce and the quality of the countrys infra social structure. 2. involve conditions demand in the home market garters the company to establish a competitive advantage.A exceedingly developed domestic market will pressure a firm to innovate faster and to create more advanced products than those of competitors. When the domestic market for a particular product is larger locally than in foreign markets, the home firm will devote more attention to that product which leads to a competitive advantage when exporting begins. 3. Related and behaveing industries these related and supporting industries provide cost- magnetic coreive inputs and participate in the process of upgrading which serves to stimulate other companies in the arrange to innovate.When local supporting industries are competitive, the home firm experiences more cost-effectiveness and innovation. This effect is reinforced when the supporting industries (suppliers) are strong competitors as well. 4. Firm outline, structure and rivalry the way in which companies are created and managed are important for success. The social movement of rivalry in the domestic market is important because it creates pressure to continually innovate in order to promote competitiveness.Other conditions that affect the diamond theory are G everywherenment obviously the government can watch the yield conditions of key productions factors, the demand conditions in the domestic market and the competition amongst domestic firms. The government can also intervene on several different levels (local, regional, national, international). -Chance clearly, chance events will occur that are outside the control of the domestic firm. Chance is important because it can create or disrupt competitive positions.Porters Diamond in terms of Nokia Factor conditions -Finland is one of the worlds most homogenous and enduring s ocieties as well as having very sophisticated consumers -As a country, Finland has invested notes into a strong educational system which gives them an excellent educational system with which to provide the necessary work force -Finland has a uniform, market-oriented government Nokia, with cultivation ties to national government, has helped propel technology, legal issues and export opportunities.Finland as a consentient has a national competitive strategy -Substantial public investment in tele communication theory-related R&D which focuses on wireless technology -Finland has a custom of innovative engineering and telecom industry -Due to harsh physical and essential conditions, options for a land-establish wired system was a very expensive option, devising wireless digital systems a relative bargain for the same terms -Most of the population speaks English -Finland was an early adopters of the internet and other wireless activities.Demand conditions As mentioned in the Factor Conditions, a sparsely populated knowledge base supports adoption of wireless devices -The weather and physical supports mobile phone over face-to-face conversations -Nationally, a flagitious usage of texting and other wireless centre services -Finland a test market for wireless applications -Nordic Mobile telecommunicate created the worlds largest single mobile market. Related and Supporting industries wide R&D spending by government and companies Finland, as a whole, offers strong venture capital, and a strong manufacturer network -Due to the reputation and exact of wireless communication, there is a high number of specialize companies due to fragmented market -There are approximately 3,000 Finnish firms in telecom and IT related products and services -There is a large local supply allowing for highly customized contributions Firm strategy, structure and rivalry Significant historic reasons for highly competitive landscape within Finland -A very strong export-centered c ommerce experience Sturdy network and links between companies, banks and governments -The Regional Development Agencies dally favors intense rivalry -History of competition in telecommunications services throughout the twentieth century -Finland was early to deregulate in telecom-related industries -A high number of telecom firms create an active local rivalry in wireless communications -There is no monopoly on any of the value chain parts of telecom and a very healthy competition between companies -European consumer demand (roaming, etc. Finland has been a part of the European Common Market since 1995. Other conditions that affect the Diamond Theory Government oVery stable with a long-term view (low turn-over with 6-year terms) oStrong initiatives to improve national innovative capacity oAssurance of technological neutrality oOpen socialist economy -Chance oConditions in Finland provided a unequaled medium for Nokias success. Creating, maintaining and modify land-based wired c ommunication networks can be very slow and very expensive which made wireless digital systems seem a virtual(prenominal) bargain. . What is Absolute Advantage and how does Intels global position in mircoprocessors hypothesise this? Adam Smith developed the theory of absolute advantage which asserts that one party (a nation, a firm, etc. ) benefits from manufacturing more output than others since it is possess a unique resource or commodity. This particular resource or commodity can be a certain method, a distinct knowledge or manufacturing process that increases production efficiency, and thus reduces the relative need for supererogatory resources.The theory holds that different countries (or firms) produce some goods more efficiently than others based on those particular resources or commodities. Limitations to the theory exist if there duplex unique resources or commodities once the hypothesis expands to include multiple unique resources, the absolute would turn to a compar ative advantage. Generally, in international trade, countries export goods/services when they have an absolute advantage in that product field of view and will import goods/services when another country (or firm) has the absolute advantage.Intel and dingle had a unique relationship in this regard Intel had set the industry bar in terms of microprocessors and Dell, using Intel sole(a)ly, became one of the strongest PC manufacturers in the world based on their distinctive marketing tool of customise computers. Both firms benefited from this relationship as they both had an absolute advantage on the items they produced. Further, according to the theory, if a country (or firm) has no absolute advantage in any product or service, no trade will occur.For instance, if both Intel and Dell manufactured microprocessors and PC hardware, no trade would exist between them they would be direct competitors since no benefit would exist to either of them. A competitive advantage occurs when a firm acquires or develops a product or feature that allows it to outperform its competitors. To gain competitive advantage, the firm strategy is to manipulate that unique resource or commodity over which it has a direct advantage which gives them the ability to generate a competitive advantage. higher-ranking performance outcomes and excellentity in production resources reflects competitive advantage, and in doing so, gives a firm absolute advantage over an industry (or product). In the case of Intels global position in microprocessors, their strategy has been to continually introduce cutting-edge technology which ultimately means that consumers pay for the research and development of the speeds of new chips. It is a cyclical process, which demands more research and development of even faster, smaller products. The company does this to constantly renew consumer need which helps preclude margins high.This transaction model of Intels can be compared to the auto industrys planned ob solescence. The introduction of new models means the previous model is not as good, or new, anymore. As such, consumers feel compelled to purchase the newest, latest, greatest product. The trends are pushed by more powerful applications, which in turn create the need for new stronger, faster microprocessors and other new generations of computer products. Here are some of the contributing factors in Intels absolute advantage in the microprocessing industry 1.Distinct ability to draw a prevailing office of the markets attention Intel benefited from a very exclusive and epochal relationship with Dell (Intel Inside) until May 2006. With Dell being a major player in the computer hardware market, they offered custom-made computers with an exclusive agreement to offer only Intel processors inside. 2. Capability to impose innovative obstacles which created more labor for any competition Not only did competitors already struggled to meet specs for the industry standards, they also exper ience issues keeping up with Intels production speed and product features. 3.Drive costs d own and keep profits up Intel was able to make its partners (and consumers) pay for this with an ordinary exchange cost of over $150 a unit. PC makers had to accept this because at the time, Intel was only choice. 4. Strong reputation as the reliable standard PC makers and consumers had not reason to look for alternative processors based on Intels innovation combined with the lack of reliable parts produced by competitors. 5. thriftiness of outstrip Because the per unit cost of manufacturing depends on the size of the firms output, the larger the firm, the greater the scale of manufacturing benefits.Due to Intels economy of scale in the microprocessing industry, they could potentially monopolize the industry. Based on Intels strengths mentioned supra as industry drawing cards (2) as well as their ability to drive costs down while keeping profits up, Intel was unprocurable and could man age to win any price war brought on by the competition. The Intel quality was also so high that the unreliable chips made by the competition almost, until recently, didnt even create much of a price war since there wasnt another game in town. 4. Explain Comparative Advantage?Then describe the development of Indias software industry and how it reflects one theory of competitive advantage. Comparative advantage theory is an international trade theory attributed to David Ricardo that indicates that firms or nations trade because they have superior productivity in a particular industry and can produce that particular good or service at lower bare(a) and opportunity costs than another party. In simple terms, this theory explains how trade can create value for two parties even if one party can produce all goods with fewer resources than the other.The thought being that each country can gain by specializing in the goods/services where it experiences this cost/efficiency advantage and trad e that good/service for another where they do not posses the same advantage. Governments may attempt to counter comparative advantage by raising trade barriers, imposing high tariffs, and allowing newer and relatively noncompetitive industries ample time to become established. Comparative advantage is an appropriate theory to explain why particular countries export more services that support the global supply chain of both multinational enterprises and domestic firms.The source of a nations comparative advantage evolves from the mixture of its own factors of production such as availability of workforce, labor skills, access to capital, land and technology. For example, India is an excellent example of a country that has developed a highly efficient and low-cost software industry. This industry supplies not only the creation of custom software, but also call centers for customer support and other information technology services.The Indian software industry is composed of numerous subsidiaries of multinational corporations as well as independent companies. This question focuses on the rise of the software industry in India. As a relatively poor country, India in the past has not normally been thought of as a nation that is capable of building a major presence in a high-technology industry (e. g. , software). However, over the last decade or so, the Indian software industry has become an important force in the global software market.Among others, the main factors that have boosted India into this position are their large number of well-educated, English-speaking work force, a strong national work ethic coupled with technical experts who are paid only a fraction of the salary (including overhead) earned by U. S. counterparts. Additionally, the low cost of international telecommunication networks set ahead enhances the comparative advantage of an Indian location for outsourcing. India has a comparative advantage in those services that are tradeable such as bus iness process outsourcing and programming services.In looking at IBMs outsourcing and how it utilizes both a US workforce and an outsourced Indian workforce, it is important to localise the relative strengths of each. For the mainly technical aspects of the job, IBM realizes cost savings by using the Indian workforce. Since programming wages are low in India and the average productivity of Indian programmers is somewhat comparable to the productivity of US programmers, then India can potentially enjoy a comparative advantage in programming. For those aspects of the job specializing in knowledge of a clients business, the US workforce is well-matched to do the job.The complementary nature of these two separate workforces rose out of the need of IBM to compete in more than just one area in order to succeed. Utilizing the Indian workforces allows IBM to realize a cost savings that can be used in other areas of their business. India, on the other hand, benefits from the trade with IBM by realizing large employment in the country as well as a boost to the economy that will only help to continue developing the country. 5. Explain briefly the common patters of successful Nipponese entry into global markets once dominated by US firms such as RCA, Xerox and GM.In the business world, an initial direct fill out of a competitor is usually most advantageous to the defending company since the flack catchering company usually ends up spending an exorbitant hail of resources without ever actually reaching its goals. This is a prime description of certain large companies such as General Electric, Xerox and RCA back to the 1970s when all of them waged war against IBM in the computer market. All suffered very heavy monetary losses and as a result, did not engage further in the computer industry.The gamble cost these companies devastating sums upward in the millions. A companys objective is to make use of its resources in such a way that allows them to maximize the market sh are. Direct attacks fagt necessarily serve that purpose, but rather the corroboratory attack seems to be more successful. The successful market penetration by Nipponese companies was facilitated by an indirect approach. As one example, Xerox was an established leader in the photocopier field and by the 70s ruled the copier market, controlling the bulk of the markets share.However, within a decade, Japanese companies outwitted Xerox, and proceeded to follow suit in other industries (such as the auto industry) by launching indirect attacks on the smaller portion of the consumer base, and eventually swallowing up the entire market. The Japanese discovered that Xerox was marketing and supplying large copiers mainly to only large companies. That left millions of smaller companies using more local and less known supplies to meet their copying needs. These smaller companies couldnt afford by purchase on the large scale of Xerox, nor did they have the physical outer space to store the in dustrial-size equipment.Enter the Japanese market with companies focusing on this helplessness and entering the market focusing on the needs of the smaller organizations. Because there was no immediate effect on sales, Xerox took no attain of the market competition. As soon as the Japanese companies gained traction in this market, by focusing on the need of smaller products, lower prices, simplified technology, and distribution through office-supply dealers, tactics began to change as the Japanese keep to build upon their consumer base. The product ranges broadened with superior technology and more product choices.Towards the middle 80s, the Japanese had made a considerable difference in the size of the market share, leaving Xerox behind and struggling. The Japanese business culture has seen significant success with a strategy of focusing in on an a smaller, overlooked, neglected, or emerging market segment and targeting in on the weaknesses of the competitor thereby gaining an advantage that affords a company the upon) it needs to make gains in the market segment. Once that grip is found, the Japanese company consolidates their products position by mobilizing all resources and expanding into the appease of the market.