Potential Impact Study of Renewable Energy Resources on Power Transformer

Chapter unitary Introduction to Topic CHAPTER I 1. 1Introduction India is genius of the developing countries & at the resembling times a fastest rising economy in the dry land. India along with the BRIC countries is considered as the back bone of the worlds economy. This attraction is partially callable to the brokener monetary value of man big task of descentman and good persona growthion. India is instanter the eleventh hulkyst economy in the world, fourth in terms of purchase violence. It is poised to make tremendous economic strides over the coming days, with no raw-fangledorthy development already in the planning stages. For development of a pastoral, nucleotide plays a vital role.With the opening of the Indian economy in 1990, numerous multinational / transnational companies were eager to invest in India. India universe the coope appreciate magnanimousst population of the world is the big(p)st market for foreign multinationals. For this reason developm ent of the base of operations was need of the hour for the economy. ENERGY development is the key aspect of home development & subscribe to of the developing economy. Moreover, fulfilling the post requirement of ever development population is herculean task. The al-Qaida deficit in India is immense & India is causation stressed.The increasing vibrancy and flexibility of the Indian economy is not matched by the violence sector. India was heavily relied on Conventional zipper preferences want thermal cypher. The conventional get-up-and-go development principally depends on availability of resources a resembling(p) inunct, coal, coke and so forth Even nuclear fountain multiplication depends on availability of atomic form 92 & platinum. Conventional competency multiplication alike moments in higher carbon emission & befoulment. Destroying the wastes from the conventional nil generation is the major task ahead of the awkward. renewable energy Resources lay do wn the best mathematical solution for this problem.renewable energy resources can be defined as the energy resources which can be replenished, as & when they ar consumed e. g. solar, wreathe, vitiated hydro great origin, biogas etc. Knowing the dominance of this plaster bandage of energy resources, Indian giving medication boom a separate ministry for renewable energy resources in 2006. Perhaps, India is the only(prenominal) country having separate ministry for renewable energy. Since and so renewable energy market is an approaching market in Indian index finger sector. With boom in the renewable energy market, on that point is too a rise in gather up for related manufacturing equipment industries.Transformer is one of such equipments ask in index number systems for transmitting of precedent. Our aim in this working class is to make a Market capableness Impact Study for transformer for renewable energy markets. 1. 2Research Methodology The premier and a v ery important step in market enquiry is formulating a research problem. It is the just about important stage as if the problem is wrongly defined the subsequent stages pass on be of no good for the endeavor for which the research is macrocosm conducted, at the same time the problem moldiness not be defined in like manner broadly or too narrowly.In this Project we argon identifying the gap in the governments portfolio of Transformer Business in India. We surrender identified that organization has no presence in the low potential difference, distribution class transformer markets in India. Looking at the growth rate of Renewable energy markets and governments initiative towards the renewable energy, our main objective is to get a line its impact on transformer descent. Identifying sources of information in that respect atomic number 18 two image of selective information resources used for the research primary and secondary info sources. chief(a) research info Primary research involves getting original entropy directly about the product and market. Primary research data is data that did not exist before it is designed to answer specific questions of bear on to the short letter. One to one interaction Idea generation of the project is pinched from the one to one interaction with the experienced col unions and trusted associates. occasional Interviews Casual interviews ar the unstructured interviews. Casual interactions with the seniors, discussions with the vendors are one of the sources of primary data. thinkBrainstorming is the casual interaction with experts. Experts are allowed to discuss freely on a particular subject. Their newly generated ideas are registered. There may not be any time duration for such sessions. Observations Existing node enquiries & their feedbacks Many times customer enquiries can give us the data we required. The feedbacks from the existing customers are withal adjuvant for idea generation. Secondary rese arch data Secondary data is the pre- existing data, already visible(prenominal) through with(predicate) books, previous researches, organizations, government documents, journals, news papers etc. Trade magazines, Journals There are motley trade magazines in cater sector easy. IEEMA (Indian galvanic & Electronics Manufacturers Association), great government agencyline magazines, ITMA (Indian Transformers Manufacturing Association) are somewhat of the related associations. These associations are also on the job(p) on the Renewable vim Resources. bare-assspapers News papers are eer giving the updates about the new trends, ideas, research going on somewhat the world somewhat. Internet articles, web commits Internet is the huge pool of data available for secondary research.Various search engines like Google, Yahoo etc. are useful for finding the relevant data. Websites of various Private & government PSUs are the sources of data. Websites of PGCIL, IEEMA, ITMA, jumper l ead king Associations, flatus mill solution manufacturing businesss, statistical agencies are of immense function. Books Books are always the sources of the technical data. Statistics agencies The statistical agencies like India Securities ltd. , which are doing their own research in various industries, are the sources of secondary data. Government resourcesGovernment organizations like PGCIL, SEBs, Ministry of New & Renewable button Resources are the sources of data. Manufacturing associations Indian Transformer Manufacturing Association (ITMA), raisemill manufacturing associations are some of the manufacturing associations, which are used as the sources of secondary data. Gathering the existing data & checking its authenticity is an important step in the research design. After the appendage of data gathering information, the data was tabulated and analyzed through graphs & bar charts as discussed in chapter 4 of this report. . 3Objectives To mull over the current statu s of renewable energy market within India. Our study will mainly concentrate on Wind Energy & littler Hydro Projects (SHP). To ascertain the market potential for renewable energy up to 2030 & study the strategic posts of renewable energy generation within India. Find out the trends in creator sector. To study the specifications & the categories of the transformers required for renewable energy transmission system. Establish the relationship between the slews of transformer business due to renewable energy market. To study the present organization gear up-up, this can be utilized for renewable energy transformers. 1. 4Limitations of the study There are undermentioned limitations for the research The primary research was restrain due to wide spread head of consumers. 80% of the transformer business is from the Public utilities, resign electricity boards. Most of the sites are in away points. Hence data collection is time consuming. It is very difficult to get the resp onses from such wide spread customers in limited time.For this research we mainly concentrated on customer feedbacks & experiences of previous telephonic conversations. The secondary research is mainly concentrated on the data available through government resources. This is due to the fact that majority of the decision reservation & forecasting is done at the central government level. As there is affix in Private elaborateness in recent years, there is limited amount of data available for it. 1. 5Conclusion India is developing with the rapid rate it implies heavy enthronements in infrastructure.Energy generation is the key aspect for the infrastructure growth of the country. With the governments initiative towards clean energy development, Renewable energy sector is booming. Due to Renewable energy development, there is also increase in the buck private participations in proponent shews implementations. This scenario is conducive for the demand of the transformers required f or small occasion projects (private as swell up as state-supported). In this project we will be concentrating on impact potential study of Renewable energy on business office transformers.This will be helpful for the organization for initiating the low proponent, low voltage, distribution transformers business in India. We will ascertain its feasibility in the subsequent chapters starting signal with the organizations profile. Chapter Two Company Overview CHAPTER II SIEMENS Ltd. 2. 1HISTORY sulphur was founded in Berlin by Werner von second in 1847. As an extraordinary inventor, engineer and entrepreneur, Werner von atomic number 16 do the worlds first pointer telegraph and electric dynamo, inventions that helped impersonate the plait in the industrial variation.He was the man behind one of the most fascinating success stories of all time by turning a humble little workshop into one of the worlds colossalst enterprises. As Werner had envisioned, the high society he s tarted grew from strength to strength in every field of electrical engineering. From constructing the worlds first electric railway to laying the first telegraph line linking Britain and India, reciprocal ohm was trustworthy for building much of the modern worlds infrastructure. reciprocal ohm is at once a engineering science giant in more than 190 countries, employing some 440,000 stack worldwide.Our work in the fields of energy, industry, communications, information, transportation, health care, components and lighting has become essential part of everyday life. While Werner was a tireless inventor during his days, sec today remains a relentless innovator. With innovations averaging 18 a day, it seems like the revolution Werner started is still going strong. 2. 2Corporate Overview mho Ltd. in India The sec Group in India is a unique player in the field of electrical and electronics engineering.We lay down the capability to integrate diverse products, systems and work in to roll in the hay solutions across the life- bike of a project. Innovation is our strength. But its not the only one. Our customers also know that they can rely on us to exe disastere feel projects, while delivering value. In all areas of our operation, we issue the complete dictate of offerings. In the Energy sector, our expertise ranges from power plants toturbines. Industry sector, we build airports, as well as produce contactors. In Transportation, we deliver complete high-speed trains, practiced down to safety relays. In Lighting, we illuminate large stadiums and also reach small light bulbs. In health care, we execute complete solutions for hospitals, as also provide in- the canal hearing aids. And, the thread that connects all our businesses is entropy technology. sulphur Ltd is the flagship listed gild in India. Siemens in India, which comprises 20 legal entities, is a leading provider of industry and infrastructure solutions with a business volume aggregatin g about Rs 11,800 crore, as on September 2008. It operates in the core business areas of Industry, Energy and Healthcare.It has nation-wide Sales and Service network, 20 manufacturing plants, a network of approximately d channel partners and employs about 17,200 people. 2. 3BUSINESSES Organizational Chart occasion contagious ailment & statistical distribution High potential drop Energy Automation Medium Voltage Transformers Services At Siemens, end-to-end products, systems and solutions for industrial and building automation as well as infrastructure installations are provided. These turnkey solutions cover project management, engineering and software, installation, commission, afterward-sales receipts, plant bread and butter and training. . 4SECTORS Energy Sector Siemens consolidates its progressive offerings in the Energy sector by combining its full range expertise in the areas of Power Generation (PG) and Power Transmission & Distribution (PTD). Utilizing the most ad vanced plant diagnostics and systems technologies, Siemens provides broad services for complete power plants and for rotating machines such as gas and steam turbines, generators and compressors. Power Generation Efficient, reliable, climate-friendly power generation is vital for economic development.With mod technologies and products, Siemens is pushing the limits of power plant efficiency and helping strike a viable balance between climate protection, supply security and cost-efficiency in power generation. From simple cycle power plants to combined cycle power plants, steam power plants up to integrated gasification combined cycle plants, Siemens ensures the highest levels of efficiency currently possible throughout the entire power generation mathematical process. The wide range of offerings include solutions for the automation of power football fields and products such as medium voltage switchgear and components. Compressors fumble Turbines Generators Steam Turbines Co mbine cycle power plants Reference cycle power plants Steam power plants Fuel cells instrumentation & controls Renewable power plants Power Transmission & Distribution (PTD) Efficient high-energy direct-current (HVDC) power transmission lines are indispensable for transporting large amounts of electricity over long distances with minimum loss and thus for transmitting power from renewable energy sources in remote locations to distant consumer centres.This is where the Power Transmission department (PTD) of Siemens plays an important role as pioneering technology providers, offering great reliability and efficiency besides contributing to develop sustainable power supplies. PTD offerings span the entire field of high voltage power transmission, including HVDC transmission systems and products and systems for high-voltage switchgear and transformers. Power Transmission & Distribution Systems Arrestors Energy management Power network communications Power transmission syste m Protection & substation controls Switchgears TRANSFORMERS Healthcare Sector By combining the most advanced laboratory diagnostics, imaginativeness systems and healthcare information technology, Siemens Healthcare division enables clinicians to diagnose disease earlier and more accurately, making a decisive contribution to upward(a) the prime(a) of healthcare The Siemens Healthcare Division is one of the largest suppliers of healthcare technology in the world. It offers solutions for the entire supply chain under one roof from prevention and early detection through diagnosis and on to treatment and aftercare.In supplement, Siemens Healthcare is the market drawing card for innovative hearing devices. laboratory Diagnostics The Diagnostics Division of Siemens is meshed with the business of generating clinical diagnostic test issuances development tissue and wandering analysis a process cognise as in-vitro diagnostics, besides resistive diagnostics and molecular analysi s. The Divisions solutions range from point-of-care applications to the automation of large laboratories, producing high quality outcomes that preserve time, money and lives. Diagnostic Imaging and Therapy Laboratory Diagnostics Hearing Instruments Market Specific Solutions IT Solutions and Services Financial Solutions Information & Communication We provide software solutions across the IT service chain, from consulting and system integration to IT infrastructure management in the areas of telecommunications, healthcare, manufacturing, public sector, utilities & government. Communication Services doctor and mobile services Information Technology Telephone & communication radio modules OSRAM India Pvt. Ltd. (Lighting) OSRAM India Pvt. Ltd. (Lighting)Artificial lighting accounts for a significant portion of todays carbon dioxide emissions. The use of energy-efficient lamps, LEDs and intelligent light management systems would not just help in bringing down the emission l evels but also save significant amounts of energy and money. Siemens provides economical, long-life lighting for every application, including incandescent and fluorescent ones for domestic and industrial lighting.Offerings includeGeneral Lighting self-propelled Lighting Electronics and Controls Display/Optics Opto Semiconductors LED Systems Luminaires Mobility (Mob) A pioneer of the railway communicate systems in India, Siemens offers products and solutions in railway signaling and safety systems, relations control and automation, electrification, traction equipment for locomotives and multiple unit system and mass go through vehicles. The product palette also includes rolling stock and auxiliary inverters for process passenger coaches.Fully equipped and backed by trained staff, turnkey projects are undertaken for urban transportation, mass rapid transport projects, traction substations operating cost centenary and long distance transmission lines. Portfolio includes coachway automation Rail electrification Turnkey systems Metros Trains and locomotives Light rail vehicles Multiple units Service, maintenance and support for grammatical construction Technologies (BT) Siemens Building Technologies specializes in meeting the growing demand for increase personal safety and more secure public and private infrastructures by electronic security and building automation systems.A market leader in providing solutions for hefty Buildings, the division offers a range of products and services for security, cherish and efficiency in high-end buildings, and covers the entire chain of offerings from engineering to services. Innovative solutions for Intelligent Buildings Cross-Sector Business Siemens Information Systems Ltd. Siemens provides software solutions across the IT service chain, from consulting and system integration to IT infrastructure management in the areas of telecommunications, healthcare, manufacturing, public sector, utilities and g overnment Consumer harvest-homes Computers Cordless Phones and place Media Electrical Installation Systems Hearing Instruments Home Appliances Home Security Home Automation & Asset Management 2. 5Transformer (Product Details) Bringing the energy safely to the consumer A basic requirement applicable to all power transformers. However, every single one is unique designed according to various(prenominal) factors such as voltage, power, climate, system takeography, sound level and galore(postnominal) more. Siemens is your partner, who picks up these requirements converting them into convincing solutions with maximum quality.Power transformers that render their service faithfully at site. Cost-efficient and safe throughout decades. Whether for infrastructure systems, industry or households transformers play a key role for a reliable power supply. As a customer, one quite respectablely place the highest demands on reliability, cost-effectiveness and operation time. In more than 100 countries and for more than 100 years, transformers from Siemens are synonymous with top quality as a result of ideas, knowhow and unequalled experience. Many reasons for reliabilityFirst of all, there is the fulfillment of the quality claim to which Siemens has committed themselves without compromises. Every factory manufacturing Siemens Transformers puts quality management system into practice. And only those transformers that have successfully passed all the comprehensive tests will then go into practical application. Siemens offers a complete service from advice and design via manufacture, transport and commissioning up to our Transformer Life Management. The right transformer for your taskYou need a product that exactly fits your task. Siemens provide the right transformer for every requirement from compact distribution transformers through to large power transformers with ratings over 1000 MVA. Price Development World-market prices for raw materials and energy are continuously increasing, forcing the manufacturers of high-voltage products and transformers to significant price increases. Thanks to optimized processes and innate cost reduction measures, however, the price adjustment for Siemens products is extremely moderate.Product Range Only a company that offers a complete product range can really cover all of your requirements. Siemens has put this fact into practice. For every required power, every voltage, every cooling rule and every operating mode. Generator step up transformers System interconnecting transformers mannequin shifters Shunt reactors Transformers for HVDC GEAFOL cast-resin transformers Oil distribution transformers and voltage regulators Special-purpose transformers Line feeding transformers handle transformers pic pic Cast-Resin Tansformers Ditribution transformer pic pic Power TransformersReactors picpic HVDC TransformerFurnace Transformers 2. 5SIEMENS Transformer Division in India Siemens has newly set-u p a state-of-the-art, power transformers design-and-manufacturing facility in Kalwa, near Mumbai. The factory was started in 4th celestial latitude 2007. The facility is capable of manufacturing high-voltage direct-current and separate special application transformers.The transformers fabricate by Siemens in India will be identical to those made in Europe, the United States and elsewhere as the technology for these comes from Nuremberg, Germany. The full technology transfer, including the know-how for design and production techniques, has been transferred through documentation as well as the training of Indian personnel in Siemens plants in Germany and elsewhere. The new plant is designed taking into consideration all the experiences gathered from otherwise Siemens plants, which have been in operation for the past several decades.This makes the plant unique as it applies all the best practices established in other plants under one roof. The new plant will have 500 employees when it reaches full production expertness. The manpower and production costs account for close to 15 per centum of the sales price in India compared to about 35 percent in developed countries. The new Transformer factory will be able to address the heightened demand for power transmission equipment in the country by designing and manufacturing large transformers of power rating upto 600 MVA and 800 KV voltage class.The factory will also produce special application transformers such as for HVDC and traction furnace applications. This factory is the in style(p) addition to the prestigious league of 17 Transformer factories of Siemens located world-over. One of the unique features of the factory is that the transformers are manufactured in a dust-free and humidity controlled environs to ensure top class dry wrestleings coming out of a vapour grade oven and tested under tough conditions in fully shielded test-lab. 2. 6SIEMENS IN FUTUREIdentifying technologies with major growth poten tial, recognizing technologicalbreakthroughs, anticipating next customer necessitate and new business opportunities -Siemens experts are doing all of these things in a systematic process designed to make the company a trendsetter in as many business fields as possible. In an increasingly complex business environment marked by ever-shorter product cycles, the major challenge set about companies is how to organize R&D activities in as focused and success-oriented a manner as possible while simultaneously making optimum use of available funds. Rigorous focus on growth markets of the futureSiemens Ten-Point Program was launched at the end of the 1990s to intensify the companys focus on active portfolio management. To this day, Siemens continues to pursue the system defined in the program and achieve its growth targets through positive growth powered by the companys innovative strengths, as well as through acquisitions, divestments and the formation of startups and joint imperils. In 2005, Siemens launched the Fit4More program to further tailor the strategic development of the companys portfolio to the growth markets of the future, thus laying the groundwork for sustainable profitable growth.In addition to defining four pillars Performance and Portfolio, Operational faithfulness, People Excellence and Corporate Responsibility the program identified urbanization and demographic modification as key megatrends that would drive its business in the future. The companys business portfolio has changed considerably in the past few years. For example, Siemens withdrew wholly from the components business (now Infineon and Epcos). Large parts of its telecommunications technology business were funneled into the joint venture Nokia Siemens Networks in 2006.At the same time, Siemens strengthened its activities in the energy, industry and healthcare fields though extensive acquisitions. In 2006 alone, the company invested more than 6 billion to acquire companies and h oldings. The current Fit4 2010 program embodies a rigorous continuation of this strategy, including further portfolio optimization with a focus on the fields of energy and environment, industry and healthcare. Siemens expects to win new orders of around INR 1 trillion in the next three fiscal years 2010 until 2012, which will be generated by government stimulus programs already inform around the world.Green technologies are expected to account for 40 percent or approximately INR 400 billion of this total, which will significantly increase the share of the companys revenues from its environmental portfolio in the future. Siemens found this forecast on an initial systematic analysis of the largest stimulus programs. Siemens has continued with its investment plans and focused on strengthening the local manufacturing base. In the last two years, Siemens has added three new factories in Indian energy sector alone. SIEMENS constant focus is to bring initiatory and high technology produc ts to India. Chapter ThreeTheoretical Framework CHAPTER III 3. 1Energy Scenario in India Energy is the prime mover of economic growth and is vital to the eatable of a modern economy. Future economic growth crucially depends on the long-term availability of energy from sources that are affordable, accessible and environmentally friendly. India ranks sixth in the world in total energy consumption and needs to accelerate the development of the sector to meet its growth aspirations. The country, though plentiful in coal and abundantly endowed with renewable energy in the form of solar, sophisticate, hydro and bio-energy has very small hydrocarbon reserves (0. % of the worlds reserve). India, like many other developing countries, is a net importer of energy, more than 25 percent of primary energy needs being met through imports mainly in the form of crude fossil oil and natural gas. The rising oil import bill has been the focus of serious concerns due to the pressure it has dictate d on scarce foreign exchange resources and is also largely responsible for energy supply shortages. pic India has had a negative Energy Balance for decades, which has strained the purchase of energy from outside the country. Based on available energy resources, energy sector can be classified as followsfew Definitions 1. thermal power generation At a thermal power station in which the electric generators are steam driven. Water is pepperinessed, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated. The steam can be generated using fossil provokes like Coal / ignite Gas Diesel or fluent provide 2. Hydro-Eectric Power Generation It is nothing but using the power of water currents to generate electric power.Generally, hydroelectric power is created by say water flow through a turbine, where the water causes fans to turn, creating the torq ue needed to drive an electric generator. pic 3. atomic Power The energy released from an atom in nuclear reactions or by radioactive break up esp. the energy released in nuclear fission or nuclear fusion. The radioactive materials like Thorium, uranium are used for energy generation. 4. Wind power It is the spiritual rebirth of go energy into a useful form of energy, such as electricity, using wind turbines. Wind power produced about 1. % of worldwide electricity customs duty12 and is growing rapidly, having doubled in the three years between 2005 and 2008. 5. geothermic power (from the Greek roots geo, meaning earth, and thermos, meaning heat) It is power extracted from heat stored in the earth. This geothermal energy originates from the original formation of the planet, from radioactive decay of minerals, and from solar energy absorbed at the surface. It has been used for space rut and bathing since ancient roman times, but is now better known for generating electricity.A bout 10 GW of geothermal electric capacity is installed around the world as of 2007, generating 0. 3% of global electricity demand. 6. Solar power It is the result of converting sunlight into electricity. Sunlight can be converted directly into electricity using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly with concentrating solar power (CSP), which normally focuses the suns energy to boil water which is then used to provide power. The largest solar power plants, like the 354 MW SEGS, are concentrating solar thermal plants, but recently multi-megawatt photovoltaic plants have been built. 7.Wave power is the transport of energy by naval surface waves, and the capture of that energy to do useful work like electricity generation 8. Tidal power, sometimes called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into electricity or other useful forms of power. Although not notwithstanding widely used, tidal power has potential for future electricity generation. Tides are mor e predictable than wind energy and solar power pursuit chart shows the Indian energy scenario in 2005 & as on sumptuous 2008. It also shows the potential of various energy sectors by 2030. picInstalled Capacity, by fuel (as on August 31 2008) Fuel Installed Capacity (kW) Share (%) Thermal 92691. 83 63. 42 Coal & ignite 76646. 50 52. 45 Gas 13560. 52 9. 8 Diesel & liquid fuels 2484. 81 1. 70 Hydro 36399. 80 24. 91 Renewable 12932. 74 8. 85 Wind 9041. 00 6. 9 meek Hydro 2211. 00 1. 51 Biomss 649. 00 0. 44 Bagasse 973. 00 0. 67 Waste-to-energy 56. 00 0. 4 Solar 2. 74 0. 00 Nuclear 4120. 00 2. 82 Total 146144. 37 100. 00 (SourceCEA, Ministry of New & renewable energy. ) Power line magazine- Sept. 008 Since thermal generation is based on burning coal or oil, increases in CO2 emissions, which damage the environment and affect global warming, come this growth. As the graph below shows, it also increases the dependence on imports, which will continue into the future unless the indemnity changes. pic pic Estimates of authority Capacities from Renewable Energy Sources (in MWs) (Source India Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources) pic Under this project we will be concentrating on the potential of Renewable Energy Resources-Wind Energy & Small Hydro projects in India. 3. WIND ENERGY pic 3. 2. 1Wind resource potential The wind power generation in the country is influenced to a great extent by the wind speed and wind power density prevalent at a particular potential location at any given point of time. The wind speed is moved(p) to a large extent by the strong southwesterly monsoons, starting in May-June, and by the weaker northeastern monsoons in the winter months. It has been generally observed that 60-70% of the total wind power generation in the country takes place during June- October when the southwest monsoons are prevalent throughout the country.According to a latest study, locations having an annual mean wind power density g reater than cl watts/ square meter at 30 meter hub height have been found to be suitable for development of wind power projects. 3. 2. 2Advantages of Wind Power It is one of the most environment friendly, clean and safe energy resources. It has the lowest gestation period as compared to conventional energy. Equipment erection and commissioning involve only a few months. There is no fuel consumption, hence low operating costs. Maintenance costs are low. The large(p) cost is comparable with conventional power plants. For a wind farm, the cracking cost ranges between 4. 5 crores to 5. 5 crores, depending on the site and the wind electric generator (WEG) selected for installation. Wind Fossil Fuel Availability running(a) as it exists Have to be procured and made usable through trying and environmentally damaging processes Limitation on Inexhaustible resource check in reserves, expected to be completely availability exhausted in the coming 60 years Transportation Used where it is available or Has to be transported from its source site for transported where needed further processing, exposing the environment to pollution from accidents Environmental Zero emission Used in producing electricity, releasing jet-propelled plane effect of use house gasses Geo-political Reduces our reliance on oil, Over-reliance on oil as a resource has implications safeguarding national security. undermined Indias energy security, e. g. OPEC Allows for self sufficiency. crises of 1973, Gulf War of 1991 and the Iraq There is no adverse effect on War of 2003. global environment. The whole system is pollution free and environment friendly. The pollution saving from a Wind Energy Generation with an number output of 4,000 kWh per year, savings have been estimated as follows Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 2 to 3. 2 tonnes Nitrogen oxide (NO) 1. 2 to 2. 4 tonnes Carbon dioxide (CO2) 300 to 500 tonnes Particulates one hundred fifty to 280 kg. 3. 2. 3 The essential requirements for a Wind farm An area where a number of wind electric generators are installed is known as a wind farm. The essential requirements for establishment of a wind farm for optimal using of the wind are the following High wind resource at particular site. Adequate land availability Suitable terrain and good flat coat condition Maintenance access to site Suitable power grid nearby Techno-economic selection of specific turbines Scientifically prepared layout Resource Potential (MW) Installed capacity as on 31st March 2007 (MW) Wind 45000 7092 Small hydro 15000 1975 Biomass power / cogeneration 19500 1184 Solar 4-6 kWh/m2/day 2. 74 (20MW/sq. m) Waste-to-Energy 2700 43 The sum of these renewable resource potentials, 152,000 MW, is greater than the current total installed energy generating capacity of India. 3. 2. 4Estimated Wind Power Potential in India The wind power potential on a national level, base data collected from 10 states consi dering only 1% of land availability, is around 46,092 MW. StateGross potential (MW) Andhra Pradesh 9063 Gujarat 7362 Karnataka 7161 Kerala 1026 Madhya Pradesh 4978Maharashtra 4519 Orissa 1520 Rajasthan 6672 Tamil Nadu 4159 West Bengal 32 TOTAL 46,092 3. 2. 5Manufacturers of Wind Energy Generators (WEGs) Name Foreign Collaborator Arul Mariamman Textiles expressage Win World Denmark Asian Wind Turbine Pvt. Ltd. NEG- MICON Denmark Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. Nordex, Denmark Das lageway Wind Turbines Ltd. Lagerwey, Netherlands Elecon engineering science Company Ltd. Turbowinds n. v. , Belgium Enercon India Ltd. Enercon GmbH, Germany Kirloskar Electric Company Ltd. Wind Energy Group, UK NEPC India Ltd. Poineer Wincon India Ltd. Wincon, Denmark REPL Engineering Ltd. Bonus Denmark Suzlon Energy Ltd. Sudwind Energie Systeme, Germany Tackle Wind Energy India (Pvt) Ltd. Tacke Windenergie GmbH, Germany TTG Induatries Ltd. Husumer, Schiffswerft, Germany Vestas RRB Vestas, Denmark Windia Power Ltd. Nedwind, Netherlands 3. 2. 6Economics of wind power development The capital investment generally incurred towards installation of a 1 MW capacity wind farm is to the tune of Rs. 4. 0 crore. to the highest degree 85-87% of the capital investment cost is incurred towards the supply, packaging, handling, loading, transportation, unloading, insurance cover, erection and commissioning of the WEGs. other 2-3% of the capital cost is incurred towards construction of the foundation of the tower and other associated cultured construction units like the metering and control room, foundation for housing the step up transformer etc. Nearly 1-2% of the capital cost is incurred towards purchase of land and site development. The cost of land should be valued to the rates prescribed by the District Level Committee (DLC) of the concerned state. The remaining 8-12% of the capital cost is incurred towards purchase of electrical equipment like the step up transformer, controls, OHT line companionship to the nearest available grid and other electrical accessories. The operation and maintenance cost per annum (inclusive of the insurance coverage) amounts to approximately Rs. 7. 00 lakh. The expected generation of power from the WEGs on an annual basis come to the tune of 2. 5 million KWh after accounting for non running(a) hours of the machines due to annual repair and maintenance, non availability of cut in wind velocity or wind velocity being higher than the cut off wind velocity at a particular site. The cost of generation of power is in the vicinity of Rs. 3. 5 / KWh. The power buy back rate varies from state to state. If wheeling is permitted then the power buy back rate can be plumb assumed as the commercial rate prevalent in a state. Wind energy generated is connected to the grid as follows pic At the various stages of transmission, transformers are used for stepping-up or stepping down the voltages. pic 3. 3 Small Hydro Power 3. 3. Introduction Hydropower is a renewable, non-polluting and environmentally benign source of energy. It is perhaps the oldest renewable energy technique known to the mankind for mechanical energy conversion as well as electricity generation. Hydropower represents use of water resources towards inflation free energy due to absence of fuel cost with get on with technology characterized by highest prime moving efficiency and spectacular operational flexibility. Out of the total power generation installed capacity of 1,48,265 MW (April,2009) in the country, hydro power contributes about 25% i. e. 36,877 MW. 3. 3. 2 Hydro Power Project Classification Hydro power projects are generally categorized in two segments i. e. small and large hydro. In India, hydro projects up to 25 MW station capacity have been categorized as Small Hydro Power (SHP) projects. While Ministry of Power, Government of India is responsible for large hydro projects, the mandate for the subject small hydr o power (up to 25 MW) is given to Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Small hydro power projects are further classified as Class Station Capacity in kW Micro Hydro Up to 100 Mini Hydro 101 to 2000 Small Hydro 2001 to 25000 3. 3. 3 Small Hydro Power Programme Small Hydro Power ( SHP) Programme is one of the thrust areas of power generation from renewable in the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.It has been recognized that small hydropower projects can play a critical role in up(p) the over all energy scenario of the country and in particular for remote and inaccessible areas. The Ministry is encouraging development of small hydro projects both in the public as well as private sector. Equal attention is being paid to grid-interactive and decentralized projects. Aim The Ministrys aim is that the SHP installed capacity should be about 7000 MW by the end of 12th Plan. The focus of the SHP programme is to deject the cost of equipment, increase its reliab ility and set up projects in areas which give the maximum advantage in terms of capacity utilisation. Potential An estimated potential of about 15,000 MW of small hydro power projects exists in India.Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has created a database of potential sites of small hydro and 5,415 potential sites with an aggregate capacity of 14,305. 47 MW for projects up to 25 MW capacity have been identified. STATE WISE identify SMALL HYDEL SITES AND POTENTIAL UP TO 25 MW CAPACITY (as on 31. 3. 2009) S.No Name of State IDENTIFIED NUMBER OF SITES Total Capacity (in MW) 1 Andhra Pradesh 489 552. 29 2 Arunachal Pradesh 566 1333. 4 3 Assam 60 213. 84 4 Bihar 94 213. 75 5 Chhatisgarh 164 706. 62 6 Goa 9 9. 0 7 Gujarat 292 196. 97 8 Haryana 33 110. 5 9 Himachal Pradesh 547 2268. 41 10 Jammu & Kashmir 246 1411. 2 11 Jharkhand 103 208. 95 12 Karnataka 12 8 643. 6 13 Kerala 247 708. 10 14 Madhya Pradesh 99 400. 8 15 Maharashtra 253 762. 58 16 Manipur 113 109. 0 17 Meghalaya 102 229. 81 18 Mizoram 75 166. 4 19 Nagaland 99 196. 98 20 Orissa 222 295. 7 21 Punjab 234 390. 02 22 Rajasthan 67 63. 7 23 Sikkim 91 265. 54 24 Tamil Nadu 176 499. 1 25 Tripura 13 46. 86 26 Uttar Pradesh 220 292. 6 27 Uttaranchal 458 1609. 25 28 West Bengal 203 393. 9 29 A Island 12 7. 91 TOTAL 5,415 14,305. 7 Identification of new potential sites and strengthening of database for already identified sites is an ongoing process. In this direction, the Ministry has been giving financial support to state governments/ agencies for identification of new potential SHP sites & preparation of state perspective plan. 3. 3. 4 Small hydro installed capacity and progress The total install ed capacity of small hydro power projects (upto 25 MW) as on 31. 03. 009 is 2429. 77 MW from 674 projects and 188 projects with aggregate capacity of 483. 23 MW are under construction. While in early 90s, most of the SHP projects were set up in the public sector, from last 10 years or so, most of the capacity addition is now coming through private sector projects. Beginning of the 21st century saw near commercialisation in the small hydro sector. Private sector entrepreneurs found attractive business opportunities in small hydro and state governments also felt that the private participation may be necessary in tapping the full potential of rivers and canals for power generation.The private sector has been attracted by these projects due to their small adoptable capacity matching with their captive requirements or even as affordable investment opportunities. In line with Government of India policy, 18 states have announced their policy for inviting private sector to set up SH P projects. The Government of India announced the electrical energy Act in 2003, Electricity policy in 2005 and Tariff Policy in 2006 to create a conducive atmosphere for investments in the power sector. Small hydropower projects are now governed by these policies and the tariff is decided by the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) as per the Tariff Policy. During the 10th Plan, future(a) have been year-wise capacity addition from SHP projects. Year Target (in MW) Capacity addition during the year (in MW) Cumulative SHP installed capacity (in MW) 2002-03 80 80. 39 1519. 28 2003-04 80 84. 04 1603. 2 2004-05 100 102. 31 1705. 63 2005-06 130 120. 80 1826. 3